Stability Testing of Nifedeipine

Stability Testing of Nifedeipine Syed Masood Hassan Akbari Practical 2 Stability study of Nifedipine INTRODUCTION Nifedipine is considered as a prototype compound of the dihydropyridine class of calcium channel antagonists. Nifedipine is a selective arterial dilator, and also is used in the treatment of hypertension, angina and cardiovascular disorders. The drawback associated with nifedipine is that it can undergo photo degradation thus escalating in loss of pharmacological activity. This process involves the reduction of the aromatic nitro group to nitroso group or the oxidation of the dihydropyridine ring to a pyridine ring. Nifedipine synthesizers make use of light resistant coating to reduce their photo degradation. It has been found out that due to poor storage conditions the clinical efficacy of nifedipine can drop drastically. In order to fix this a selection of ingredients within the dosage form can be altered or enhanced in order to minimise photosensitivity. Ion-exchange beads are solid and suitably are high molecular weight polyelectrolytes that can easily exchange their mobile ions of equal charge with neighbouring medium reversibly. The ion-exchange bead can form a complex with nifedipine and its utility used to embrace drug in light natures. Instability of the drug product may lead to a reduction in the bioavailability of the drug. It is also highly important that the patients do receive their uniform does of the drug throughout the whole of the shelf life of the product. This experiment goes through the photodecomposition kinetics of nifedipine at zero-order when the reaction commences. As the reaction proceeds further to 50% the kinetics of the reaction changes to first-order. Figure 1: Represents nifedipine degradation at the two different wavelengths shown above. This experiment consisted of 3 main components: Determining the stability of nifedipine using HPLC at various time intervals. Estimating the half-life for the disappearing drug. Examining the relative stability of the drug as powder and in solution. EXPERIMENTAL For HPLC 20mg of nifedipine was weighed out and placed in a 100ml volumetric flask using the mobile phase to top up the flask. The resulting solutions colouration was noted and transferred to a beaker and covered with paraffin. A small insertion was made to take up 2ml of the solution into an injection using a 0.2 µm filter. The time was noted and the sample was loaded and run immediately and the beaker was covered with paraffin and placed on a ledge where sunlight was present and after every 15 min intervals the sample was injected into the apparatus and it was run. After each run was carried out the peak area for each of the runs were recorded. For stability in solid form 100mg of the solid sample of nifedipine was weighed out in a weighing boat and spread out evenly and placed on a window ledge with proper Irish sunlight for a duration of 2 hours. The appearance was noted before and after the time lapsed. The solid sample was then homogenised and 20mg was taken and placed in a 100ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark with the mobile phase. Straight away 2ml solution was taken and placed on a 0.2 µm filter and was ready for injection. The peak area of the solid sample was recorded in the report. RESULTS CONCLUSIONS Determination of the stability of nifedipine solid and liquid samples with sunlight. Table 1: Shows the nifedipine run time with 15 minute intervals, the solid form and a UV sample. The illustrations below show the HPLC peaks at various time intervals with their retention times, peak area and heights. Figure 2: Depicts nifedipine at T0. Figure 3: Depicts nifedipine at T20. Figure 4: Depicts nifedipine at T35. Figure 5: Depicts nifedipine at T50. Figure 6: Depicts nifedipine at T65. Figure 7: Depicts nifedipine at T80. Figure 8: Depicts nifedipine at T95. Figure 9: Represents the peak area plotted against time of nifedipine degradation taken at 15 minute intervals. After carrying out the experiment it can be said looking at the data that the reaction kinetics are of zero order at least from T0-T80. At T95 it is seen that the peak gets a bit broad it can show that a new peak is starting to form, it the experiment had continued for at least 45 minutes more then it could have been the start of the first order reaction kinetics. Therefore it can be deduced that according to the data attained the reaction kinetics are still at zero order during data acquisition. From the graph using the equation: y = a + bx b = slope = -12046.1 +/- 841.833 The half-life of nifedipine was found using the equation: As we were dealing with zero order kinetics so, r = k Using, t1/2 = In(2)/k t1/2 = 0.693/0.988 t1/2 = 0.701 According to the data gathered it is seen that the solid sample of nifedipine resembles to the first T0 liquid sample. By this observation a person can say that the solid state sample did not show any signs of degradation after the 2 hour window. The colour of the liquid samples were changing from yellow at T0 to faint yellow at T80. On the other hand for the solid sample from the light yellow powder after the 2 hour window a layer of dark yellow powder was seen and the powder was mixed around and it was seen the underlying solid particles still retained the same colour of light yellow. According to the UV data at T0 and Ɔºmax of 334 it generated an absorbance of 0.604. Whereas for the T100 with a Ɔºmax of 279 generated an absorbance of 1.064. QUESTIONS Comment on the relative photostability of solid and solution nifedipine in daylight. The solid sample of nifedipine after being expose to 2 hours of Irish sunlight visual observation showed a darker colour change from light yellow to a darker but when the powder was mixed the underlying layer was of the same light colouration as it started with. And after the 2 hours window the HPLC result showed no degradation at all. This could be due to the practical being carried out in doors and the lack of the photons getting to the solid sample. On the other hand in the liquid sample things were not much better from a yellow solution starting at T0 – T80 there was no colour change but after performing the next HPLC the colour had gone faint yellow. If the apparatus would have been given 45 minute more the results attained would be of first order kinetics. As it stands it is zero order kinetics. What type of reaction is the nifedipine decomposition? Reduction What other decomposition reactions do you think nifedipine might undergo? Oxidation What are the implications of your observations for the proper handling and storage of nifedipine? Manufacturers of nifedipine products use light resistant coating or packing to minimize their photodegradation. Long term exposure to sunlight or artificial light may also occur if nifedipine formulations are inappropriately stored by patients. Poor storage conditions may potentially decrease clinical efficacy of nifedipine. What validation do you think might be important in the type of analysis you performed today? â€Å"Validation of an analytical method is the process that establishes by laboratory studies, that the performance characteristics of the method meet the requirements for the intended analytical applications.† The typical analytical characteristics used in method validation vary but the relevant one for this experiment is stability, system suitability and system sensitivity. â€Å"Prepared sample/ standard stability is defined as the ability of the analyte to remain stable in the diluent at the test concentration specified in the analytical method.† System suitability testing is an integral part of many analytical procedures. The tests are based on the concept that the samples to be analysed constitute an integral system that can be evaluated as such. System suitability is determined by various methods. Any one or a combination of the following may be written into the method as necessary for using the method for routine post validation: Resolution ensures that closely eluting compounds are resolved from each other and establishes the resolving power of the system. It contains as close as is possible to a complete sample matrix. Finally capacity factor is a measure of the time the solute spends in the stationary phase relative to the time it spends in the mobile phase.

Micah

How does the life and ministry of Jesus reflect the words of this verse from Micah? Christians believe that Jesus Christ was a man who lived about 2,000 years ago in Palestine and that he was the Son of God. By his death and Resurrection, Christians believe Jesus saved people from their sins. They try to follow Jesus’ example in their daily lives and use his teachings as a guide to how God wishes them to live. In Micah chapter 6 verse 8 stated that â€Å"he has showed you, o man, what is good. And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.† This would mean that God requires us to do things justly and treat others without partiality; thus, loving other people regardless of his race, background and weaknesses and be sober in spirit. In addition, this verse talks about the very nature of Jesus Christ. We learn that Jesus Christ is the son of God who is full of compassion and believes as the author of perfect love. He comes to the world in obedience and love to the father in order to show his great love to everyone that while we are still sinners Jesus Christ die for us. Jesus Christ knows that our final destination is on hell because our impurities separate us from God. But because of his love, he does an amazing decision that will help us to be in heaven. Jesus Christ has been compassionate to those who are poor (especially to those who are spiritually blind and gone astray). His ultimate expression of love is when he obeys God the father to lay down his life for the benefit of everyone in spite of the fact that he is not guilty of sin. Jesus Christ doesn’t deserve the death that he is been through but he sacrifices himself in exchange for the salvation of the mankind; thus, he has never been selfish and never withholds his life because of his great love for his people. He doesn’t want to see everyone perish but come into repentance. He wants everyone to have an access to God the father through his death and resurrection. It is been written in the Bible that without the remission of blood there is no forgiveness so once and for all, Jesus Christ die for us so that we can receive forgiveness through his name and to end our sacrificial offering when we sin. Jesus Christ becomes our sacrificial lamb and his precious blood cleanses us as we ask forgiveness from him. He has done everything because of his great love for us. Moreover, Jesus Christ is a just individual. He does not condemn people who sin or commit mistakes but he listens heartily and forgives them if the individual confesses his sins. Just like the Samaritan woman who has many husbands. The woman is guilty of sin because she commits adultery. When Jesus meets her on the well, he never rejects her but is able to talk to the woman and asks for a drink. The woman tries to make alibis but Jesus talks to her in a sober manner. He even asks her about her husband and the woman is convicted of her sin so she replies that she has many husbands. Jesus already learns about it because he is an all-knowing God but despite of that, Jesus never judge the woman but instead tell her to go to her husband and sin no more. The woman feels such joy because that is the first time she has not been condemned by a Jew and most especially a Savior has forgiven her sin. Although Jesus Christ is 100% God and 100 % man and owns the riches that we can never think of yet he walks humbly with his people. He never brags his riches. He comes to the world to serve and not to be served. He walks with different kinds of people; may it be rich or poor. Jesus Christ even associates with out cast people who are suffering from leprosy. Many officials especially the Pharisees question his motives yet they cannot find any fault on him because they know that Jesus Christ has perfectly obeyed the word of God. Many scholars try to scrutinize the authenticity of divinity of Jesus Christ. This is not new anymore because even during the time of Jesus, there were people who â€Å"doubt† his identity especially the Pharisees because they were threatened by his presence. For other religions, they consider Jesus as prophet and not a God. But of all the prophets that we have on the face of the earth, only the name of Jesus Christ that was ever recorded in the history that he himself raised from the dead and through his name, an individual can cast out demons. Isn’t that amazing?   

The Functions of Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2640 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? Functions of Law Table of Contents The Law Concept of Functions of Law Kinds of Law to Carry Different Functions Advantages of Law Functions of Law in different perspectives Contract law Functions of Contracts Indemnity Contract Indemnity Holder Guarantee Bailment Agency Bibliography Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Functions of Law" essay for you Create order The Law The law defines the principles people live in a society. Through which we have balance in not only our society but also in our lives. Law gives the indication of what is right by making that act legal and what is wrong by making it illegal. By committing illegal acts the specific individual will be subject to the negative consequences depending upon the nature of the illegal act committed and these consequences will also be subject to time. (Clark, 1942) Hence law determines the prescribed parameters within which the humans should lead their lives. These laws may vary from country to country, region to region, state to state and area to area. Maintaining law and order is mandatory is a society to be functional and to inculcate fear into the hearts of those who commit illegal acts and they would certainly think before taking any step of being caught and facing the consequences in a strongly law abiding society or else there would had been no stable economy. Above displayed pictur es resemble the people suffering from an outlawed society that they are being deprived of their rights of for example integrity, future, security, freedom, liberty and independence. The extreme left picture demonstrates the people of Philippines being outraged at the democracy their country that it is corrupt and depriving them of their rights hence as a result they are holding a Law is of interest to all persons, not just to lawyers. Those entering the world of business will find themselves subject to numerous laws and government regulations. A basic knowledge of these laws and regulations is beneficial if not essential to anyone contemplating a successful career in the business world of today. A universal and uniform definition is difficult. The evolution of society is a dynamic nature and hence the difficulty in accepting a definition by all. One reason in defining law is the different types of purpose sought to be achieved: HORSE to a zoologist, a traveller, polo player, for som e article of food etc. There have been and will continue to be different definitions of law: ARSTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) a pledge that citizens of a state will do justice to one anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ PLATO (427-347 B.C.) believed that law was a form of social control. SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE (1723-1780) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state, commanding what is right, and prohibiting what is wrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Generally and the most commonly accepted definition is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A rule of action to which men are obliged to make their conduct comfortableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Law is the command of the sovereign. It imposes a duty and is backed by a sanction. Command, duty and sanction are three elements of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . All these statements can be considered as definitions of law but they vary and all are based on: law consists of enforceable rules governing relationships among individuals and between individuals and their society. Concept of Functions of Law The concept regarding the functions of law holds a major importance. The nature of law and the disciplines associated with law are explained by it and are interpreted and applied correctly and also pinpoint the interaction of law with social institutions and norms. This helps determine which general principles correspond to which law and should either deviate or conform, and to explain the law within the normative philosophy. There are different kinds of laws and each law has its own functions some of which may involve similar objectives but all having the primary goal of equity and fairness. The four functions of law involves preventing socially undesirable behavior and also securing desirable behavior which is performed in criminal torts and law; the provision f facilities for privately enabled arrangements between individual parties, which is found in private, tort and criminal law; the provision of services and also the redistribution of goods found in legal systems; and settli ng unregulated disputes found in tribunals and courts. It also handles the indirect and secondary of the law. Secondary functions of the law include determining of the processes for changing the regulation and the law for the operation of law-applying organs. The law serves the primary functions of keeping peace, enforcing and influencing the conduct standards, the facilitation of the systematic change, also the facilitation of planning and the comprehension of the sensible expectations, the promotion of social justice, the maintaining of status quo in some aspects of the society, and lastly, providing a mechanism for compensation solutions between polar principles and positions. Object of law is to maintain law and order in the country that is police functions. Anoter view à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"limit natural libertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; man is born free but is in chains everywhere.. The Hindu view, purpose of law is the welfare of the people in the world and also salvation after death. M uslim: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the end of law is to promote the welfare of man both individually and socially, not merely in respect of life on this earth but also life hereafter. Kinds of Law to Carry Different Functions Moral or Natural law deals with the universal rules of governance, principles of natural justice and also the divine law. Conventional law deals with the rules or regulations of voluntary organizations for example associations, clubs etc. The customary law deals with the customs, practices, traditions with historical sanction and support for example Jirga. Technical law is used in the matters of efficient conduct of business for example building laws, and laws of health. The imperative law is imposed upon men by some authority. Emphasis is put on the will and physical force of the organized political community in the imperative law. Then the laws of science and gravity are also determined. International law is the sum of laws and rules recognized by civilized in their dealings with each other. Then is finally the civil law which is the municipal law which is the domestic law of the state. Civil law has two branches. One is the common law, a branch which consists of non-criminal law. Then is the legal system or the Continental law, any of various codes or systems of the law which historically derive from Roman law. The Civil law (area) is a branch of Continental law which serves as the general part of the private law. Advantages of Law Law creates uniformity and certainty to the administration of justice. It avoids the dangers of arbitrary, biases and dishonest decisions. It establishes fixed principles to protect the administration of justice from the errors of individual judgment and laws are also more reliable than whims, wishes and desires. Laws are the only constitutional weapon to resolve disputes among individuals and parties. (Fletcher, 2000) Functions of Law in different perspectives The law is based on what is morally correct and ethical. In the historical perspective the law consists of social traditions and customs. In the Analytical perspective it is shaped by logic. In the sociological perspective it is provides a way to advance certain goals in the best interests of society. It is the set of rules created and enforced by the governing party. According to the Critical Legal Studies legal rules are unnecessary and legal disputes should be solved by using rules based on fairness. In the Economics perspective promoting the market efficiency should be the key concern of the law. (Lexiz, 2001) Contract law Keeping promises is important to a stable society. Contract law deals with, among other types of law, contract law reflects social values, interests, and expectations at a given point in time for example what kind of promises should be legally binding, what excuses are accepted for breaking promises, legally void or invalid. (Hall, 1960) Functions of Contracts No aspect of life is entirely free of contractual relationships. By this we mean for example the marriages, inheritance of assets, employment and the entire life around us is in one way or the other linked to some sort of contracts. Contract law is designed to provide stability for both buyers and sellers which means that neither the seller nor the buyer is able to take undue advantage at the expense of the other and there is proper legal proceeding in case if such a situation is created. Hence there should be equitable and fair trade between the parties or else the law will take care of it. Law is also followed in business agreements to avoid potential future problems for example in the case of giving out jobs the new recruit should be aware of the complete job description and what is be to expected to them and the employer should be aware of potential of the individual they are recruiting. Likewise in the case of carrying out business the business should be conducted by fair mean s and legally. There should be no theft, fraud or any sort of illegal activity involved in carrying out the business. (LaFave, 2000) Whether it is personal, corporate, or societal, laws are created to protect the interests of the common people. According to the textbook, Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-commerce Environment, 13th Edition, the most important functions of law include the following: The Peacekeeping Checking of the government power so that if reasonable expectations can realized Facilitation of expectations so that if reasonable expectations can be realized Economic growth promotion through the free competition Social justice promotion Environmental protection These functions of law protect the interests of individuals and businesses through a system of rules, enforced by governing bodies. These systems of laws include: Constitutional International Administrative Property Contract Tort Trust Criminal The roles and functions of law provide guidelines and rules for everything an individual can encounter, both professionally and socially. At the same time it also provides the individual with means with which to protect their own self or challenge the injustice. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world which is seemingly shrinking in size because of the continuously growing populations, without the existence of these regulations and rules the economy would experience a massive rise in the criminal actions as well as also increased atrocities. As the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"common sense makes good lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, dishonest people and the criminals do not certainly have common sense, and it is left to the governing bodies to defend not only the innocents from the criminals, but also to protect the criminal from themselves. (Boyce, 1982) Indemnity Contract Contracts also serve the function of indemnity which is an undertaking to make good monetary or other loss or damage. By which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the promisor himself, or by the conduct of any other person for example (John) contracts to indemnify (Ben) against the consequences of any proceeding which (Alison) may take against (Ben) in respect of a certain amount. (Reference.com, 2007) The person in this case (John) who gives the indemnity is called the indemnifier and the person (Ben) for whose protection it is given is called the indemnity-holder or indemnified. Scope of indemnity is restricted to those cases where there is a promise to indemnify against loss, caused by the (John) promisor himself or (Ben) by any other person. This excludes loss from accidents like fire etc. Promise of indemnity may be expressed or implied. (Gross, 1979) Indemnity Holder The person to whom the indemnity is given that is the promise acting within the scope of his authority. His rights: include entitled to claim all damages which he may have been compelled to pay. Also recover all cost reasonably covered in resisting, reducing, or ascertaining the claim. Moreover the rights also include the right to compromise a claim on best term he can and then bring an action on the contract of indemnity. (Roles And Functions Of Law In Business And Society, 2014) Guarantee Guarantee is a promise to be answerable for the debt, default or miscarriage of another. Contract of Guarantee: to perform the promise, or discharge the liability of a third person in case of his default. When a third person promises to pay debt owed by another in the event the debtor does not pay a guarantee relationship is created. Surety: Person who gives the guarantee. Principal Debtor: Person in respect of whose default the guarantee is given. Creditor: Person to whom the guarantee is given. For example John takes a loan from Ben when Alison guaranteed repayment of the loan. John is the principal debtor, Ben the creditor and Alison the surety. The function of a contract of guarantee is to enable a person to get a loan, or goods on credit or an employment. Mutual assents are an essential element of a contract of guarantee. It is not a unilateral contract. There must be an offer and acceptance. Bailment Another function of Contract is to act as Bailment. Bailment from bailer (French) meaning to deliver. Signifying a contract resulting from delivery. Bailment implies a sort of relationship in which the personal property of one person temporarily goes into the possession of another, The ownership of the articles or goods is in one person and the possession in another for example leaving a car for repair, cloth to a batailor, parcel to TCS, goods in a cold store. The delivery of goods by one person the bailor to another the bailee for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall, when purpose is accomplished, be returned or otherwise disposed of according to the direction of the person delivering it. It is formed by the delivery of personal property, without transfer of title by the bailor to the bailee usually under an agreement. Obligations and duties arise from the bailment relationship. (Mallor, 2004) Agency Since it is possible not possible for every person to do everything by itself, he allows the person to be represented in the performance of personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legal acts by another and gives acts done by such representative the same effect as they would have done it by self. One of the most common, important and pervasive legal relationship is that of the agency; relationship between agent who agrees to represent or act for the other principal. The principal has the right to control the agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conduct in matters entrusted to the agent, and the agent must exercise its powers for the benefit of the principal only. The principal, by using agents, can conduct multiple business operations simultaneously in various locations for example corporate officer. (Bushman, 2007) Bibliography Roles And Functions Of Law In Business And Society. (2014). Retrieved from 123HelpMe.com: https://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=167183 Boyce, R. M. (1982). Criminal Law. A sophisticated analysis of the purpose, definition, and classification of criminal la and development of the common law, 1-46. Bushman, M. (2007). The Role and Functions of Law in Business and Society. Retrieved from https://www.associatedcontent.com/article/139783/the_role_and_functions_of_law_in_business.html Clark, C. E. (1942). Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository, 14. Fletcher, G. (2000). Rethinking Criminal Law. A challenging discussion of the history and philosophy of criminal law. Gross, H. (1979). A theory of criminal law. A highly sophisticated discussion of the philosophical basis of criminal law. Hall, J. (1960). A detailed discussion of the theory of criminal law and the basic elements of a crime. General Principles of Criminal Law, 1-359. LaFave, W. (2000). Criminal Law. A comprehensive purpose, classification, and common law foundation of criminal law, 1-198. Lexiz. (2001). A good introduction to the nature of criminal law and to the common law and statutes. Understanding Criminal Law, 1-32. Mallor, J. B. (2004). Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-commerce Environment, 13th Edition. University of Phoenix Resource. . Reference.com. (2007). Retrieved from https://www.reference.com/search?q=law

Sc300-Unit 6 Assignment Essay - 1131 Words

Unit 6 Assignment SC300: Big Ideas in Science September 30, 2012 Unit 6 Assignment The two meals that I have chosen are breakfast and dinner. We will discuss breakfast first. This morning I had two fried eggs with salt and pepper, a piece of toast with blackberry jam, and a diet coke. The origins of the Kroger brand eggs and the Kroger brand black pepper were from Cincinnati, OH, the Morton’s kosher salt is from Chicago, IL, the Nature’s Own bread was from Thomasville, GA, the Kauffman’s blackberry jam was from Montezuma, GA, and the Diet Coke was from Atlanta, GA. For dinner I made Purdue chicken breast with salt and pepper, Kroger brand name frozen green beans and roasted potatoes. The origins of the Purdue chicken came†¦show more content†¦The eggs are then sent through a candling process that inspects the interior for cracks and quality. This is when the eggs receive their grade. The grades are classified as AA, A, or B. The eggs are then sorted and packaged according to size. The eggs are then shipped and within approximately three days they reach the store. When comes to vegetable they seem to be processed all the same way. The vegetables then are harvested by machinery operated by farmers in the field. Each type of vegetable is harvested by different machinery. Most of the time after they are harvest they go through a washing process and stored properly. When it comes to frozen vegetables they go through a flash freezer that freezes them in a matter of minutes and then are packaged and sent to the store. Coca-Cola in Atlanta, GA manufactures diet coke. The process in which they go about it is hard to find. But like most manufacturing companies, they start by mixing all the ingredients together, package and ship. One of the benefits of a global market would be more specialization. Global markets would be able to use the best products and services from qualified parts of the world at a decreased cost. With more specialized products on the market; the consumer would have more options and ch oices at their disposal. In short term and long term will result in greater products for the consumer and it would be less expensive for the businesses.