John Donne Essay

The literary heritages of John Donne are famous for their style that distinguishes them from poems of his age, particularly his attachment to sensuality and reality. He is in fact considered to be a ‘metaphysical poet’, and recognized to be ahead of his contemporaries. One of his most notable collections are the Holy Sonnets, which is a reflection of his a primarily religious life. (Stubbs, 2006) The innovative use of language and metaphors are what distinguishes the works of John Donne; he has produced a wide collection of poems, satires, sonnets, translations, and other literary works. The life and struggles of John Donne reflects the rich and meaningful body of literature that he has produced. He was born to a rich family, yet poverty was common for him, as he went to a period of persecution during his process of transfer of devotion to the Anglican Church. He eventually became an Anglican priest, which is said to have considerably influence the writings in the latter years of his life, when he wrote poems and sermons. (Bald, 1970) He became known for a style, which would be known as metaphysical, and often, his work is dubbed as metaphysical conceit, as he cleverly unifies two vastly dissimilar ideas. The most common subjects of his literature are death, love and religion; he employs the use of irony, witty-ness, and cynicism. (Stubbs, 2006) This metaphysical form of literature would refer to the passion for life and pleasures, yet much regard for the emotional dimension. John Donne marked the evolution to a more personal poetry from the classical forms before his time. The early poetry of Donne is mainly criticisms of the problems of the English society during that time, as Britain was plagued by corruption and pretensions of its citizenry and nobility. He used colorful imagery to create satires of this reality of his time, but eventually, he moved on to the topic of religion, which shows that Donne lived a religious life, as he converts from Catholicism to being a devoted Anglican. Donne also produced substantial amount of love poetry, which is said to be addressed to his wife, who died after giving birth to their twelfth child. The poems written at the later stage of the life of John Donne has a more pious and somber tone to them. His poems began to take on a gloomy tone, as he writes about more serious things; for instance, his poem in memory of Elizabeth Drury, symbolizes destruction and the fall of man. (Greenblatt, 2006) Increasingly, he moved towards more religious topics, which exhibited this gloomy nature. The motivation for this shift to religious poems and sermons is his conversion to the Anglican Church, which marked a step to maturity and change in his writing style. These sermons and poems would later on influence English poets and future literature. Towards the conclusion of his fruitful and dynamic life, the focus of Donne’s work shifted to death, as he nears his own death. His works explores this topic, and how humans fear this inevitable occurrence, and the eventual accent to heaven following one’s death. He delivered the sermon Death’s Duel from his deathbed, which shows suffering and pain, yet also salvation and hope. (Bald, 1970) He died in 1631. The literature of John Donne is impressive indeed, and each piece of literature reflects his life and the society that is revolving around him. His work is wide-ranging, from love to death to religion; each shows passion, emotion, and reality. The metaphysical nature of his poems influences the future of English literature, as he cleverly used metaphors, imagery, and language. References Bald, RC. (1970). John Donne: A Life. United States: Oxford University Press. Donne, John. (2006). John Donne’s Poetry. Donald Dickson, Ed. United States: W. W. Norton and Company. Greenblatt, Stephen. (2006). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. United Kingdom: W. W. Norton and Company. Stubbs, John. (2006). Donne: The Reformed Soul. United States: Viking Books. Targoff, Ramie. (2008). John Donne, Body and Soul. United States: University of Chicago Press.

Music Recording Industry

Music Recording INTRODUCTION For centuries man had dreamed of capturing the sounds and music of his environment by means of music recordings. The road to successful music recording had not been smooth until the derivation of the music recording industry. Since the inception of the music recording industry, the way in which music is produced, distributed, sold and consumed have greatly changed so also has popular music changed over time. These changes resulted from new technology which was invented between 1890 and 1900 and paved way for entry, which in turn has caused significant structural shocks within the industry.The Sound Recording Technology invention has not only changed the way we listen, but has also substantially reduced the cost of production, reproduction and distribution of the industry’s product to the very minimum especially within the past 5 years. Although technology seems to pose an obstacle to entry into the industry, recently, the main barrier to entry over the past years has been radio airplay because of the cost associated with informing consumers about the existence and the nature of products in the industry.Between 1900 and 1910, there was an integration of three large firms (Victor, Columbia and Edison) who controlled most audio-related products including playback devices and the audio products themselves and this served as a substantial barrier to entry. But it is possible for another technology of supply, high speed internet, might eventually offset this important barrier to new entrants into the industry.After 1910, the music recording industry became the center of controversy involving (1) alleged price fixing by the major firms in the industry and (2) massive alleged copyright infringement by consumers, in what amount to a free-for-all over economic rents. The clash between the firm and their consumers has erupted in legal open warfare, with the Federal Trade Commission and courts finding the major firms guilty of overchargi ng consumers by nearly half a billion dollars in a scheme that maintain artificially high prices, and the industry suing hundreds of consumers for copy right infringement according to Prof Peter J.Alexander in â€Å"Market Structure of the Domestic Music Recording Industry†. In 2003, The Business Week Online posted that, The Recording Association of America (RIAA), the trade association for the music recording industry, issued hundreds of subpoenas aimed at individual consumers whom they alleged to be copyright violators. MARKET STRUCTURE Number of Firms The market structure of the music recording industry is made of five large international and integrated firms.These firms are Vivendi Universal, Sony Corporation, Time warner, Emi Group and Bertelsmann AG. These firms exhibit number of characteristics including dating back as far as the twentieth century. Also, with the exception of Time Warner, all the firms have been sold and bought many times. Additionally, each firm excep t EMI is part of a larger media with particular interest in motion pictures, television, cable and book publishing, music publishing, production, manufacturing and distribution.The largest among these firms is the Vivendi Universal Music which was created in 1998 from two major French firms, Polygram and MCA. According to the Various Company Reports, represented by the table below, the Vivendi Universal Music is currently the largest music company in terms of market share and recorded music revenues. It owns the largest recorded music in the world, with over one million catalog of recorded music. Its operational activities include production, distribution and publishing of music as well as licensing of music copyrights.According to Prof Peter J. Alexander, in 2002, one out of every four compact disks sold worldwide was a Universal Music Group Product. Some of the Vivendi’s other media holdings include Universal studios (motion picture), USA Networks (television) and Houghton Mifflin (book publishing). Table 1. 1 Worldwide Conglomerate Revenues of the Major Firms, 2002 Firm Total Worldwide Revenue (In billions) |Vivendi Universal $60 Sony $57 Time Warner $41 Bertelsmann $18 EMI $0. 36 Source: Various Company Reports, 2002| Sony Corporation is a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate and its operational activities include production of Sony compact disks, distribution of recorded music and also publishing music.Sony Corporation is a leading manufacturer of audio, video, communications, and information technology products for the consumer and professional markets. Its motion picture, television, computer entertainment, music and online businesses make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment and technology companies in the world. Other media of the Sony Corporation are the motion picture houses Columbia pictures and Tri-Star pictures. According to Andrew Herman, Sony Corporation became presence in the music record when it bought CBS in 1988. Berte lsmann is a German multi media corporation founded in 1835, based in Gutersloh Germany.It is the second largest global media conglomerate measured in terms of total revenue. Bertelsmann media holdings include books and magazine publishing, producing, manufacturing, and distribution of recorded music. It is also a major European television and radio broadcaster and content producer. Bertelsmann bought RCA in 1985, and that increased their interest in becoming a major presence in the music industry. Time warner is a US based conglomerate and it is the second largest cable provider in the USA. It produces, manufactures, publishes and distributes recorded music.Time Warner also controls the publishing rights of over one million music titles. Other media holding include Warner Brother (motion pictures), WB Network (television), HBO (television), Time Life (magazine) and Warner Books. EMI is a British conglomerate which also produces, manufactures, distributes and publishes recorded music . It is the second largest music publisher and comprises more than one hundred music label. The EMI Group also has a major publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing – also based in London with offices globally. It is the least diversified among the other firms.According to Pro J Peterson, recently, four of these giant firms have been in negotiation to merge their recording operations (Sony with Bertelsmann and EMI to acquire Time Warner recording business). In early 2004 Time Warner sold its Warner Music subsidiary to a new set of owners led by the Canadian Bronfman interests. Combinations between any of these firms would have led to more concentration in that field. Barriers of Entry Barriers to entry in the record industry are generally regarded as low. A number of independents have entered the market successfully over the last ten years.A number of artists signed to independent labels have featured in the singles and album charts. The Top 40 singles charts gained 540 new entran ts in the year ending September 1993, 84 of which were from independents. The Top 40 album charts gained 272 new entries over the same period, 42 of which were from independents according to the British report on recorded music. A small independent record company has few sunk costs since recording, manufacturing, distribution and marketing can all be contracted out to independent third parties. Many costs have come down in recent years.For example, recording equipment of reasonable quality can be purchased for a few hundred pounds, allowing initial recording to be done away from the studio. At the smallest end of the market a recording can be made in a home studio. The combination of rapidly changing consumer tastes and a pool of artistic talent in the UK provides opportunities for independents. Independents can compete against the majors in the signing of new artists in a number of ways. An independent may concentrate on a particular type of music and be better placed than a major to spot new talent and make contact with an artist.Artists may be more attracted to an independent that has a good reputation in their type of music than to a major (that is, they might be perceived as having more `street cred’). There appears to be a pool of people with experience of the record business that is willing to set up record companies, for example ex-artists, producers, artists’ managers or ex-employees of the majors. The reputation of these people may be sufficient to attract new artists. The independents often develop links with the majors.For example, if a new artist is successful but the independent cannot market the artist overseas, the independent may come to an arrangement with a major under which the artist’s recordings are licensed to the major, the artist is signed by the major, or the major takes some financial interest in the independent. Whatever the particular arrangements, there are likely to be benefits for both parties. The majors ar e interested in sharing in the A&R successes of the independents, while for their part the independents gain funds for further A&R.The risks to the artist of signing with an independent are reduced if this exit route is available. The option of outright sale to a major is also open to an independent. The major may be attracted by the existing artist roster, the back catalogue, the personnel or the name of the label. The possibility of a profitable exit from the market is an incentive for a new entrant The table below shows entrance of new firms to the music industry since 1983 Source: British 1994 report on recorded music Shares of the Market According to the BBC worldservice. om up to 90% of the global music market is accounted for by just five corporations: EMI Records, Sony, Vivendi Universal, Time Warner and BMG. Collectively, these corporations are known as ‘the Big Five’, and operate in all of the major music markets in the world. Each of the corporations maintain s their headquarters in the US, the largest of the world’s markets. Of the Big Five, Vivendi Universal is the largest, with 29% of the market share and wholly owned record operations or licensees in 63 countries. Its nearest rival is AOL Time Warner, with 15. 9% of the market share.Each of the corporations operates in a variety of fields beyond recorded music, incorporating publishing, electronics and telecommunications, thus extending their influence to cover more markets within the global entertainment industry. In achieving their dominance in music sales, the Big Five each own a large portfolio of labels, from formerly independent labels to large regional operators in different territories. The biggest exception to their domination of the market is in India, where the large film music market has so far defied these corporations.Africa has also proved to be a difficult market for the American-owned corporations, largely because the economic situation outside South Africa me ans a lack of profitable markets. In South Africa, Gallo Records is one of the biggest record labels, not only because of its representation of African music, but also from being exclusive licensee for Warner Music International. The Big Five are not always in competition with each other, and it is in their best interests to act together at times. EMI is the sole licensee of BMG material in Greece.A press material in May 2002 stressed that the deal would work well for both companies, with EMI licensing some important international artists, and BMG’s Greek artists being looked after by a company with a much bigger local presence. Co-operation and partnerships, then, can yield not only greater profits, but maintain their status as corporate giants. Many well-known smaller labels are in fact owned by one of the Big Five companies. While labels are often started by entrepreneurs, the dominance of the major labels makes large scale success difficult for these firms.And should they achieve a high degree of success, they excite to the predatory instincts of the large corporations. This gives the major labels a wider ranging repertoire in different geographical markets and musical genres. –ju While small labels will continue to exist, they become increasingly unable to grow without becoming part of one of the Big Five companies. This pattern looks set to continue into the future as the larger companies continue their strategy of acquisition, and potentially merge amongst themselves in an attempt to dominate the market even further.

AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Essays - Avalanches, Avalanche, Landslide

AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Submitted to: Ms.Delgado GEOGRAPHY 12/9/96 By OUTLINE AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES 1. a.WHAT IS AN AVALANCHE OR LANDSLIDE? b.EXACTLY HOW DOES AN AVALANCHES OCCUR 2. a.I TALK A LITTLE ABOUT PAST AVALANCHES b.PAST DEATHS FROM AVALANCHES 3. a.CONCLUSION CLOSING OF MY REPORT AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES What is an avalanche? , well it's a large mass of snow and ice or of earth or rock sliding down a mountain side or a cliff. And how does an avalanche occur, well mainly they happen by vibrations caused by movement of the earth such as an earthquake, gunfire, rainy weather, and many more. Now I would like to talk a little about past avalanches and landslides that have occurred like the 1903 Frank landslide and avalanche that happened at the same time, in Alberta Canada it destroyed the parks canyons it's beautiful trees' it's wonderful sights and killed nearly one hundred people, and covered a small town near Alberta with ice and snow. Another devastating avalanche incident is the 1964 Sherman slide, in which a huge avalanche was triggered by the 1964 Alaskan earthquake. The slide spilled out onto the Sherman glacier, during the big slide several other smaller slides happened and those were the one that took lives in Anchorage, and destroyed property There are a couple of types of avalanches and how the destroy so much this one is named "Loose Snow Avalanches"1, it starts' in a small area then grows in size and mass as it descends.Another type is the "Slab Avalanche" it actually starts in a large area of ice and snow and then begins to slide. AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES On September 12 of 1717 crusaded down the Troilet, Italy glacier, gaining speed on a cushion of air reaching a falling velocity of km/hr over a 3600 m fall. Two towns were destroyed, with seven people killed and a 120 cows lost. The slosh of an avalanche ran up the far side of the valley at a speed of 125 km/hr. In developed areas such as ski resorts it is possible to predict avalanches because they are controlled with explosives and artillery. In a back-country areas it is possible to predict avalanches because the forecast relies on experience of the person making the observation. There are no computer models available to predict avalanches and therefore predictions are only accomplished by repetitive observations and knowledge of snow properties. Due to difficulty in reliable predictions method areas of avalanche hazards must rely on controlling or altering the effects of an avalanche. The back country explorer must be highly skilled in determining safe routes and rescue procedures over and above relying on predictions of avalanches for personal safety. Avalanches kill people many ways but the most common cause of death is suffocation. There is little air trapped in the avalanche and within a short period of time the victim loses consciousness and dies. A victim can also be killed from the force of the snow slamming into the body or by traveling in the avalanches and being smashed against trees and other objects. AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Knowledge can help you avoid being caught by a snow avalanche, it may help you survive if you are buried. Snow avalanches are natural phenomena so complex one can never have all the information necessary to predict avalanche conditions with certainty. Well this is my report on avalanches hope you learned more on avalanches but we will never know all there is to know about avalanches, sorry it's not the five pages I was lucky to find this little amount of information. NOTES Mears,Ronald I., Design Criteria for Avalanche Control Structures in the Runout Zone,June1981. S.D., All You Ever Wanted To Know About Snow..., November 24, 1988. Snow Avalanches from Cold Regions Hydrology and Hydraulics,Ryan, W.L. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the U.S. BIBLIOGRAPHY World Wide Web author . Avalanche weather station author . Snow and Weather disaster station.

Lord of the flies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Lord of the flies - Essay Example Towards the end, the shell is crushed and this is used to show the lack of order. Piggy’s glasses are another important symbol in the story. Clearly, he is one of the most intelligent and rational boys in the novel. His glasses represent his intelligence and the important role that science plays in our lives. It is used to start the fire at the beginning of the novel that is meant to draw attention to them (Golding, 76). Later on, Jack’s group attacks Ralph’s group and they steal these glasses. This leaves the group fragile as they can no longer light a fire. The boys believe that there is a beast on the island. This imaginary beast shows the savage nature that is deep within all humans. Everybody is scared and the only person who realizes that the fear of the beast is within each of us and in reality it does not exist. As their level of animosity increase, so does their belief in the beast. Their behavior is what makes the beast a reality among

Legalization Of Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Legalization Of Marijuana - Essay Example As you know, we are living in a world in which legalization of physician assisted suicide or mercy killing is gaining grounds. In other words, current people are more interested in getting rid of a painful life. If marijuana can help the patients in avoiding pain, then the people should be allowed to use it in order to prevent them from opting for mercy killing. Too many people in America are leading a painful life because of cancer like severe diseases. Such people are continuing their life in a no hope condition. If we legalize marijuana use in America, such people will be benefitted immensely. It should be noted that marijuana use is legalized in some of the states in America at present. The doctors are prescribing marijuana as a medicine in such states. At the same time many other states in America are still not allowing the patients to use marijuana. Being a federal republic, America should have a unique law in this case. Rebecca Roth (2008) has mentioned that â€Å"to date, ma rijuana is still classified as an illegal Schedule 1 drug by the Controlled Substances Act. It is defined as having "no accepted medical use in treatment in the United States" (Roth, 2008). American Federal courts are still treating marijuana use as a crime even if it is used by the patients to get rid of the pain. Mr President, it is really illogical to prevent the patients from using marijuana and putting them in painful darkness. The major argument against the legalization of marijuana use is the possibility of side effects it can generate later in the user’s life. It is illogical to argue like that. It should be noted that smoking is injurious to health; still there is no legal restrictions upon the smokers. Moreover, it is proved that alcohol use also can create problems in a person’s life later. However, majority of the Americans are using alcoholic drinks. Under

Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Process - Essay Example This process, based on a particular projects requirement, can follow an engineering-based approach, a structured approach, or an incremental approach (Jawadekar, 2004). However, in recent years, software development firms have adopted methodologies that are a mix of different software development methodologies. According to Jawadekar (2004), software development process is usually made up of the following stages: Comprehension and analysis of the specific problems and requirements of a client Planning – developing a strategic plan for the development of the software Creating a design for the customized software solution Implementation – actual development of the software, which entails coding Testing – entails unit testing and whole system testing Installation – deploying the actual system/software Maintenance and error fixing All these stages combined make up the software development process, also well known as SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle). Base d on the needs of the client, more or less time may be devoted to any of the stages mentioned above. Process Stages Explained The diagram above (Figure 1.0) illustrates the stages followed in a software development process. The Requirements stage entails defining the required information, behaviors, functions, interfaces, and performance of the software product to be built. The Planning stage entails the preparation of a strategic plan that is expected to guide the development of the software. It defines important deliverables, timelines and milestones. The Design stage involves creation of a design based on the client’s requirements. It entails defining and designing of the software architecture, data structures, algorithmic details, and interface representations. Implementation entails actual writing of software source code, database design, unit testing and user documentation. The Testing stage entails testing of the source code. System, unit, and user acceptance or usabil ity testing are also performed at this stage. The Installation stage, also known as the deployment, is the last stage in the initial development process (Jawadekar, 2004). This is where the software units are integrated into one unit. Some testing also occurs at this stage, since the software is made for an actual business and used by actual users. As a result, there is extensive monitoring of bugs, or errors. Additionally, training is done at this stage and any customizations required are carried out (Jawadekar, 2004). Maintenance entails making enhancements and changes to system before it can officially be handed over to the client. Faults discovered during testing are corrected. Process Audience Description The intended audience for this process includes project leader, management, the client, testers, and development team members (Jawadekar, 2004). It is important for the project leader since this process helps guide the whole project and, therefore, it is important for the proj ect leader, especially in terms of project monitoring, duty assignment and delegation, deliverables and milestone tracking. As far as the overall management is concerned, this process is important since it helps know what to expect and when to expect it. It also offers an outline of how a particular software product will be developed and delivered. They are especially involved at the end of each stage since they are responsible for evaluating deliverables and ensuring

The problem of Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The problem of Skepticism - Essay Example there are views about philosophical traditional problems, For example, the problem of induction and other minds are seen as forms of restricted skepticism which holds that we all cannot have knowledge of any proposals in any particular domain that we think to be within our understanding. In this regard, this essay will focus on the problem of skepticism, in terms of if we can ever be justified in claiming to know something and has risen repeatedly in the history of epistemology, as well as expound if the challenge of skepticism can be answered in my area of study, communication and advertising ( Feldman & Richard, 2003). Skepticism questions our knowledge in many ways, as well as domains whereby we think that knowledge is possible. However, the problem of skepticism has risen repeatedly in the history of epistemology, in that some philosophers think that the main purpose of epistemology is to rebut and meet the challenge of skeptical. For example, Philosophical skepticism is a school of thought which crosses cultures and disciplines. In addition, many skeptics have critically examined the meaning of the systems and the examination often results to doubt or ambiguity. Skepticism also ranges from disbelief in philosophical contemporary solutions and rejecting the external world to reality (Chisholm, 1992). The challenge of skepticism cannot be answered by the field of study in communication and advertising because the problem of skepticism is lacking empirical evidence. DeWeese & Moreland (2005) adds that we are all skeptical on some things, particularly since opposition and doubt are not always distinguished.

Competitor Analysis and the Development of a Brand Assignment

Competitor Analysis and the Development of a Brand - Assignment Example ishwasher was widely accepted by the market with the result that Fairy could make way to launch further of its brand extensions which it did in the coming years. Fairy’s innovation appealed to the masses and its performance became anonymous with combating stubborn and burnt stains the best way (Datamonitor, 2011); fairy.co.uk, 2011; Superbrands.com). The promotions of the brand were strongly backed by Above the Line advertisements with celebrity endorsements to establish strong brand equity. As the brand moved into the future to meet the changing consumer tastes and preferences accordingly, Fairy’s packaging was changed to a transparent bottle which was easier to handle. After a massive success, Fairy Liquid was launched with a lemon scent. This was followed by Fairy non-bio laundry product for sensitive skin, anti-bacterial Fairy Liquid, Fairy Powerspray for tough burnt on stains. With these brand extensions, Fairy could cash in the revenue from every possible segment and sub-segment of liquid cleansers (Datamonitor Research Store. 2011); Datamonitor, 2011; fairy.co.uk, 2011; Superbrands.com). Fairy had and still has the advantage of a long-established equity along with a strong brand image with which it can tap into all the possible markets successfully through its brand extensions. Fairy currently operates in a mature market the product lifecycle of which has predominantly been extended by creating sub-segments of the dishwasher and sink sectors. Fairy has a whopping share of 57% in the sink washing sector and is second to Finish in the dishwasher category (Superbrands.com, Datamonitor, 2011). The launching of Fairy Active Burst and Active Powder Burst marks Fairy’s presence in both the categories of sink and dishwasher category. The brand extensions of Fairy Powerspray and Fairy Active Foam however can be considered as the most selling brand extensions. Following these developments, Fairy Active Foam was voted as the product of the year by the shoppers

Art Deco in American Architecture Research Paper

Art Deco in American Architecture - Research Paper Example The period between 1920s and 30s many banks were coming up and there was stiff competition for customers (Gebhard, 2003). Many banks that wanted to appear progressive were abandoning their cluttered and unattractive buildings for a more sophisticated and attractive buildings that Art Deco had brought. With this style, a bank could now appear stylistic and impressive. Many bank buildings portrayed an extraordinary geometric style and a subtle, rich detail that expressed a restrained sophistication that befits a financial institution. Apart from banks, corporates were also among the reasons for great demand in Art Deco architecture. Several corporate headquarters were shifting their headquarters to Art Deco styled buildings. This proved to their clients that they were stable enterprises in the economy and played a prominent role promising a modernistic future. Such corporates include electric utilities, communication companies, and those dealing with automotive. A good example of a cor poration that adopted this style is the Chrysler Corporation. It shifted its headquarters to the New York’s Chrysler Building in 1930. It was built at a time when there was a high competition for skyscrapers and style. It is a very good example of an American building representing Art Deco. The designer of this building was the architect William Van Allen. He designed it between 1928 and 1930. Initially Allen had been working for William Reynolds (a cigarette tycoon) but later on Walter Chrysler (automotive tycoon) acquired his plan. This building remained the world’s highest building for a short duration; it was a 77-story skyscraper reaching out to the Manhattan skyline. One would also notice its sense of style with the jewel-like glass crown (Nash & McGrath,... Apart from banks, corporates were also among the reasons for great demand in Art Deco architecture. Several corporate headquarters were shifting their headquarters to Art Deco styled buildings. This proved to their clients that they were stable enterprises in the economy and played a prominent role promising a modernistic future. Such corporates include electric utilities, communication companies, and those dealing with automotive. A good example of a corporation that adopted this style is the Chrysler Corporation. It shifted its headquarters to the New York’s Chrysler Building in 1930. It was built at a time when there was a high competition for skyscrapers and style. It is a very good example of an American building representing Art Deco. The designer of this building was the architect William Van Allen. He designed it between 1928 and 1930. Initially Allen had been working for William Reynolds (a cigarette tycoon) but later on Walter Chrysler (automotive tycoon) acquired hi s plan. This building remained the world’s highest building for a short duration; it was a 77-story skyscraper reaching out to the Manhattan skyline. One would also notice its sense of style with the jewel-like glass crown. The hotel industry was also a beneficiary and one of the reasons for popularity of Art Deco. The proprietors of hotels and restaurants used it to their advantage and came up with very decorated and stylized environments for eating and drinking. These environments employed the elements of Art Deco.

BUSINESS PROJECT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

BUSINESS PROJECT - Assignment Example ess and rapidity of SME’s, this proposal highlights these issues and offers space for development of this sector with regard to the current concerns surrounding SME’s in the Ireland dispensation. Ireland has a populace of roughly four million inhabitants with two million of them in employment. A consummate part of them works for the government, state and public sector agencies while the rest operate within the enterprise sector. With regard to the size of this sector, it is succinctly evident that success of the SME sector in the Irish dispensation is a critical determinant of the country’s economy. Moreover, the economy of Ireland is in an epoch of transition from domestic or home-based demand to the external demand, which characterizes its economic strength. SME’s, therefore, have overtaken construction in based on the rate of growth. Notably, the Irish SME market is now global due to the effect of globalization in the Irish enterprise sector. Thus, regarding the current issues as highlighted in this proposal, the future of SME’s in the Irish economic sector is much promising. In this study, addressing of current issues facing SME’s in Ireland and policies for the sector’s development is the chief focus. More so, address of these issues is a consummate part of this research, since, they and translate to the future of the sector. It additionally offers a foundation for worthwhile business prospects that would take economic advantages in Ireland’s SME sector and solve the difficulties associated it. More specifically, the problems linked with this explanation include actions necessary for leveraged development in Ireland’s SME sector and various policies that would inculcate a drive towards sectoral development. In addition, contemporary matters in connection to this sector are an area of concern in this proposal discussion. The distinct underlying concept in this discussion is prior to the various given studies and investigations of past

Concept of Delinquency Essay Example for Free

Concept of Delinquency Essay The National Criminal Justice Reference Service defines the offenses committed by status offenders as the following: â€Å"behaviors that were law violations only if committed by a person of juvenile status. Such behaviors include running away from home, ungovernability (being beyond the control of parents or guardians), truancy, status liquor law violations (e. g. , underage drinking, and other miscellaneous offenses that apply only to minors (e. g. , curfew violations and tobacco offenses. In the Federal Criminal System, juvenile delinquents are juvenile offenders processed in the Federal justice system, with charges of delinquency, which are in violation of state or federal laws. Looking at the definitions of these two, there seems to be a very thin line dividing the two which is why the justice system treats them similarly, which is by having the cases processed by the juvenile courts. From the point of view of the law enforcers, the treatment should be the same as both are violating certain laws and regulations. The other sectors however believe that the treatment should not be the same as status offenses are considered as minor offenses while the juvenile delinquency offenses are of graver status. Therefore the status offenders should not be processed in the same manner as the juvenile delinquents. The latter are considered to have more serious violations of either state or federal laws or municipal or local ordinances. A master’s study that was archived with the Central Connecticut State University Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice supported the claim that the treatment should not be the same. A review of a state program created to deal with status offenders was made and here it is asserted that the treatment of status offenders should not be the same. The paper asserts that status offenders should not be punished without having committed crimes and that they should not be referred to the courts as they have not committed crimes. Further, the juvenile courts should not be used to order children into placement. Why are males more delinquent than females? Is it a matter of lifestyle, culture or physical properties? A study of gender and delinquency entitled Crime Delinquency in the United States presents official statistics that suggest that males are significantly more criminal and delinquent than females. Data show that the teenage gender ratio for serious violent crime arrests is approximately 6 to 1, and for property crime approximately 2. 5 to 1, male to female. Similarly, the study by Melissa Sickmund (Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Oct. 2000) indicates that the males are involved in about 8 in 10 delinquency cases each year. Although they constitute only half of the juvenile population, males were involved in well over 70% of person, property, and public order offense cases and in 85% of drug law violation cases handled by the courts in 1997. The male proportions were somewhat higher in 1988. Here it is seen that males are more likely to be â€Å"frequently delinquent† than females and more likely to engage in serious felony-type acts. The explanations range from the biological to the sociological to the social. Each of the reasons identified in the question is a factor to consider: lifestyle, culture or physical properties. As to the lifestyle, males are more extroverted and therefore more exposed to the environment outside the homes. Even in the modern non-patriarchal societies, the males are seen to perform more roles outside of the house. Culture is an important reason too. Our general notion of the females relates to being mothers and therefore also naturally clinging to maternal support. This natural tendency explains why females will more likely not want to commit crimes. The physical or biological properties are also helpful in explaining this gender issue relative to delinquency. In their physical development, females are more expressive of their emotions, more open to family bonding and ties compared to males. Females have the tendency to be more closely monitored by the parents compared to the males. Should there be mandatory incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders? Those who are in favor or mandatory incarceration are of the opinion that offenders, regardless of gender or age should be incarcerated and that chronic offenders should be punished on a mandatory basis in order to reduce and deter crime . On the other hand, those who do not favor mandatory incarceration are of the opinion that for reform to take place, rehabilitation and not incarceration is the remedy. The paper written by Joseph B. Sanborn Jr. asserts that the traditional primary purpose of the juvenile justice system, which is rehabilitating young offenders, should be preserved. Because of the problem of excluding some juvenile delinquents from being prosecuted in the juvenile courts but only in the criminal courts, Sanborn believes that there must be developed a rationale for this exclusion. Summarizing the arguments for or against mandatory incarceration, a study on Serious Juvenile Offenders , quoting Schuster (1978), observes that the serious violent delinquent is an insignificant part of the total population and only a small part of the delinquent population. Because of their small numbers it is more appropriate to rely on the traditional juvenile court waiver mechanisms than to create new laws for the special handling of serious juvenile offenders. From another perspective, however, although serious juvenile offenders are few, they cause considerable social harm, such that measures must be taken to rotect society from them. This view, combined with an emphasis on crime reduction through incapacitation, has led to a policy of mandatory incarceration for serious juvenile offenders in some States. Another view holds that the incapacitation of chronic juvenile offenders will not substantially reduce the crime problem, because so many serious delinquent acts go undetected according to self-report data; however, the same studies suggest that the more frequent and serious violators eventually become â€Å"official† delinquents. Another perspective neither minimizes the problem of serious juvenile crime nor suggests that the rehabilitative goal of juvenile justice be abandoned. It advocates that juvenile justice develop programs that will facilitate change in serious juvenile offenders while providing adequate protection for society. While research can provide more information on what does and does work with such offenders, youth policy ultimately rests on ethical considerations that lie beyond the province of the legal and behavioral science realms. References http://www.ncjrs.gov/app/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=88858 http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/jjbul2000_10_3/contents.html

Used Car vs. New Car Essay Example for Free

Used Car vs. New Car Essay Some people are fortunate enough for their first car to be a brand new car, no matter what make and model it is. Most likely, your first car is a used one. It may be a 99’ Corolla to a 06’ Altima, both with 100,000 mile on them, but they all serve the same purpose, to get you places. Used and new cars may be different, and some may be the same. Both cars have a stereo system with FM radio, seats, and space, but it’s the detail that makes things different. Used cars may only have a cassette player, which no one has now, while new cars have an auxiliary and USB port, and GPS. You might like a lot of space in a car for going on road trips, or you might like very little to no space at all for racing, depending on what kind of car you get, like a SUV or a sports car. All cars have engines ranging from a four cylinder to a V8 engine. Used cars are commonly known for having at least one thing wrong with them. It could be something wrong with the engine the previous owner didn’t know what to do about it, or it just doesn’t feel like the car is running smoothly. Owning a new car saves you the trouble, worries, and the stress, compared to owning a used car. You don’t worry about the car shutting down on you while you’re driving, or anything else that can put you, and somebody else, in danger. When I’m in a parking lot and see a â€Å"top of the line† car, I say to myself, â€Å"Wow, I wonder how much one of these cost? † Some new car owners might have the wealth to pay the new car off, while used car owners pay half or less for the price of a brand new car. The money you save could be used to repair, or even upgrade your used car so it can run like new. At least $600 are going to be spent on repairing and maintaining a used car. On the other hand, maintenance on a new car is little to $300 depending on what make and model the car is. You can have a huge Hummer, or a 2-door Chevy Cobalt, new or used, they both get you to your destination. It is up to you on what kind of a car you want. Eventually, a new car will get old and you will have to start the process of looking for another car again. As long as the car is maintained, everyone is going to win, and all you’re going to have to do is decide what color you want your car to be.

Conditions that have led to global market development

Conditions that have led to global market development The development of international or global market itself is an interesting historical sketch that details all the relevant aspect of the developmental phase that have been going on since capitalism and the concepts of it took centre stage in redefining the way people do business across international borders and the course of industrialization that shaped and changed the facial outlook of global economic process. Though industrialization at its nascent stage originated in Europe, however; the latent force of commercialization or to say global commerce and international business stem from US in particular post world wars era. What is particular to the development of international market in the early part of 1990s or to say in the 20th century can be laid emphasis to the notion of growing influence of USA and its democratic capitalism. And the process of industrialization in the face of growing trade, commerce, also marked a way towards internationalization or the development of global market, which economist have often termed as globalization and its phenomena. In all fronts, there is no denying the facts that USA has been a major influence to the development of international market. One pertinent fact is the changing face of US business environment notable in the early part of 1990s. Add to it, the staggering $16.3 trillion in investment in the US alone speaks volume about the normative forms that conditioned the origination and development of international market. Moreover, post world war era, people affluence grew, so does the demands for goods and services, which are increasingly difficult for domestic market to sustain or to meet the demands. In that sense, international commerce and cross-border trade became the norms. Apart from that apparent fact that account to USA influence and growing dominance in the expansion of international market, the origination of World Trade Organization (WTO) in that period, that is to say during the nineties also have been prominent to mark the development of global market. In addition, the trend that is also catching up during the early part of the nineties especially business trends can be looked to the pertinent case of free trade agreements that opened up a way for cross-national trade and business. Specific to these types of condition, acceptance of free market system among developing countries added to the steam of international market and its conditioning. Explain the four risk of International Business? Business as we know is bounded by risks, given the nature of international business environment itself. One peculiar face of business risks is the uncertainty factor, and when it comes to international business it is rather looked upon as the primary risks elements in general. Apart from uncertainty, there are other things as well that seems risky. And the more prevalent risks elements to international or the primary factor of it can be laid emphasis to the following: Political Technological risks Economic risks Socio-cultural risks Political risks: There is no denying the fact that international business in any circumstance is bounded by political risks. Political risks can be understood as the factor that makes up the political features of a country. Thus, political climate at times have a greater force to play a part in international business. Take for instance, political uncertainty itself. That means when political climate is rather stable, international business also take the same course. However, most of the times political stability is rather an exaggerated term; given that there can be no sure shot method to predict nations political makeup, or to say the nature of its stability that hangs in the edge. As a matter of fact, with lesser political stability, the impact it have on business is also paramount, which in due course can change the direction and strategic makeup of business. Thus, political risks are one primary factor of international business. Technological risks: As we are aware, technology and the marvel of it have brought along a bundle of benefits, which have took the societal developmental phase one notch above the ground. Add to it, technology and its advancement is also ever increasing, which means each day and in the cycle of economic process, technological domination and its impact in international business is felt with greater force. International business are thus faced with the abject notion that less of technological awareness or outdated technological application in international business can hamper the way things work or are predicted. Thus, the risky elements can be looked to depreciating cost factor that technology posed or the security to international business. Economic Risks: What define economic risks are the financial elements that may its way to it. In simple sense, it can be broadened to the changing face of international business itself, which also defines the investment factors or nations inability to meet its own financial obligations. With the idea of international business and increasing trade barrier or free market trade can have a dominant role to play its part in international business cycle and thus, it comes as a risk. Socio-cultural risks: Civilization is always in a stage of development, and one factor that socio-cultural forms take its course can be laid emphasis to the notion that no particular nation and its culture are dormant. That is to say, cultural difference is wide spread, and when that element is accounted to international business, the marketing process also is posed with the uncertainty factors. Thus, organizational operational and strategic process is also challenged in such environment. Thus, marketer needs to be way ahead in understanding culture and society itself, which we can bracketed as socio-cultural risks. Why do firm Internationalize? The simple facts remains that firm internationalize for many reasons or the other; be it, profit motive, the expansion to new horizon, exploring and tapping new markets or for reasons less known, that is to say for competitive advantage or labor mobilization and last but not the least, the cost factors. Moreover, by going international, firm can also take centre stage to reaps the benefits of global exposure, and the opportunity cost that can be reaped from international business is also rather more in a sense that diversity is also exemplified, plus the means that internationalization provides towards new markets beyond national boundaries is also whats excites and interest organizations in going international. Add to it, supply chain and its management is also more broadened when firm indulge themselves in international business. Thus, the above mentioned facts in brief list some of the factors and the notion as to why firm internationalize. What are the different participants in International Business? Write in detail about the MNEs, Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, the Born Global firm. International business and its arena is a bundle of flourishing economic activities and the cycle of its repeats day in and day out. The simple facts are that without corporations and business houses, plus participants, economic activities are rather on the back foot or to say, it makes no sense at all. It is common knowledge that global economic process today defines the notion as to what constitutes participants in international business. Thus, the different participants are the following: Focal Firm Distribution channel intermediaries Facilitators. Agents or contractors, etc. Thus, these participants in international business forms the cycle of economic activities carried out in the background of each one participants dependent upon one another in international business scenario. Multinational Enterprise: Multinational Enterprise defines organizations that have set shop in more than one particular market, where its business expose is international, with a global aspirations and goals. Add to it, Multinational Enterprise also details the object of its ownership, which means that that part of the ownership is either owned by parties or more than single ownership take course. Moreover, Multinational Enterprise also posits special characteristics that mirror forms of nationality mix among its staff and managers. Hence, very often Multinational Enterprise is also known as MNC (Multinational companies). The best example can be looked to subsidiaries firms or American firms with their bases in foreign nations where operations and organizational control are decentralized, and the marketing strategy also is rather different from parent company or the likes. Small and Medium Enterprise: As the term denotes to, small and medium enterprise are organization with a business object and turn over that is rather small. And most importantly, employee counts are also small in numbers and counts, let say 20-30 employees for the starts. Add to it, company assets are also small in comparison to global firms or MNEs. But that does not mean that such organization cannot go global, given that globalization and notion of free trade provides a formidable leverage for small and medium sized enterprise to go global and can be looked upon as a competitor. Born Global Firm: Born global forms and its concepts is a rather mostly used term in the contemporary adage to mean the process of internationalization and its influence that is taking shape in local or national organizations with a potentialities to go international in due course. Such organization can be looked upon as startups, with lesser assets and turn over. Why do firms internationalize? The simple notion why firms internationalize can be laid emphasis to the globalization and its influences. The channelizing networked partnership possibilities, the opportunities in such a scenario, or to position themselves and influence partners or subsidiary firm who are either based in foreign shores also constitutes some of the sole components why firms internationalize. The idea of comparative management is also one main reason. Chapter 2 What are the Societal Consequences of Market Globalization? Explain Positive and Negative Consequences? As we can observe in and around the materialistic world that we live in today, commercialization and international business at times have provided a bundle of baggage or paved a way towards progression and development in economic sense of the term. However, consequences also can be translated and laid emphasis to the good the bad and ugly features that market globalization have brought along. Nonetheless, the economic reality and humans wants also should be acknowledged, and the fact that no nation is self reliant and self sufficient. Moreover, in order to meet the ever increasing demands for goods and services, global corporation fits the bill accordingly in facilitating the societal needs in one aspect and form of life in the societal sphere. Hence, the notable face of the negative societal consequences from a comparative and contemporary context can be laid emphasis to the following: Environmental or Ecological consequences. Depreciating and depleting natural resources reserve. The question of sustainability Climatic effects that have worsened. The positive effects of market globalization are: Avenue for employment generation Facilitates economic cycle Technological advancement Good and services are made available Cultural growth Socio-political growth, etc. Thus, it can be argued that the societal consequences or the effect of market globalization translate itself to have redefined the way people do business in simple sense of the term, which can be look as a positive aspects. Economic demands in the regional and global economy taken together are ever increasing, and market of globalization facilitates in meeting these demands. In that effect, more of the resources are utilized. However, natural resources and the likes also deplete with increasing use, plus scarcity of resources, which is a known fact add up to the compounding negative societal consequences that is generated out of market globalization, which is pointed above. What are the firm levels Consequences of Market Globalization? We cant deny the facts that firms benefits tremendously from market globalization and its effect. Thus, the phenomenon of market globalization has added an object that can never be thought of or imagined without market globalization in the course of civilization. Thus, the positive features can be addressed to the following points: Marketing process is impacted Business process and its management also exudes international outlook Diversity of business process Cultural mix and global awareness Production tactics and its cycle also is impacted Standardization, quality or products and services. Brand image. And finally, market globalization means a widow of free trade barrier for companies across international borders. However, when it matter to negative aspects of globalization and its impact on firms the following are some of the pertinent facts: Competition is also greater among firms due to market globalization and its consequences. Barrier to entry and exit in a particular market or industry also posits one of the negative consequences of market globalization. Resource utilization also often goes above the shelf Thus, when it matter to firms and the level of consequence that stem from market globalization also translate itself into the negative and positive features as detailed above. Chapter 3 Explain the three types of participants in International Business? The three types of participants in international business constitute the following: Focal Firm Distribution Intermediaries Facilitators Focal Firm: What defines focal firm as one participants is the fact that, focal firm itself is looked upon as an initiator to international business in real sense of the term. It means that focal firms constitute Multination Enterprise, Small and Medium Enterprise, where the actual economic and production process take shapes. Thus focal firms are looked upon as the centre and stage of international business and its cycle at the primary level. Distribution Channel: Distribution channel intermediaries and their roles are consumed in facilitating the distribution cycle common to international trade and businesses. In simple sense and meaning of term, distribution channel intermediaries defines organization that specializes in the distribution channel, that is to say, logistic support, marketing etc, which are the sole constituent of distribution channel intermediaries. Facilitators: Third is the facilitators, and includes firms and individuals, where the object of their roles and functions as participants in international business is broadened and exemplified to facilitating legal advice, financing and in between the interrelated business transaction is made possible. Furthermore, participants also can includes, licensor, joint venture partners and the likes of foreign distributors, foreign agents and all in between. What are the common characteristics of Born Global firm? The common characteristics of Born Global firm can be laid emphasis to the following: Bounded by national boundaries with a scope for internationalization Expertise services and products in regional market Start-up corporation or small and medium sized organization Though market is defined in fixed national boundaries and operations is also often constituted and headquartered in one particular location, however; that does not means that their role in globalization and its economic process is limited in a sense. The idea of born global firm and in characteristic in particular can be laid emphasis to the object that internationalization and its impact is a favorable foreground for born global firms. That is to say, born global firms are very likely to make way and expand its business scope beyond the national boundaries, as and when it senses the opportunities knocking its doorway. Hence, born global firms defines regional organization that have set up shop in foreign shape simply by assimilating the idea of acquisition, partnership and creating subsidiaries, etc, in foreign location, however, are headquartered in regional market, or in location where they originated. Thus, the trends in the face of globalization initiates Small and Medium sized corporation to explore such domains that open up new horizon to do business in the international arena to tap the potentialities of international business. What are the Foreign Market Entry Strategies of Focal Firms? Explain in Detail. Foreign market entry strategies of Focal Firms is rather a complex features and step wisely strategies initiated by organizations with the sole purpose to tap the opportunities of internationalization in the most beneficial course. What defines focal firms foreign entry strategy can also be laid emphasis to the notion that going international is no child task and requires an extensive attention to details and understanding the peculiar facet of international business environment. In that context, the development of strategies when it matter to focal firm entry in foreign shores take into account the involvement in greater degree to what defines international management itself and the creation of networks that should assist the firm movement and its entry into foreign shores smoothly. Thus, focal firms bring internationalization right at the outset by establishing a connected links or channel of networks and building relationship with firms in the foreign shores. Thus, strategy in such course is at a nascent stage that does not involve control of production or the likes of direct intervention into the other firm, especially in matter of internal control. And most importantly, relationships that are building up with foreign firm take its course and position themselves from the notional boundaries and all form of exchanges also take shape in that forms and to position itself in different network or the moves towards continuous development processes that should a lso aid and future action to take shape in the most feasible forms. (Ford, 2003, p. 189) In short, strategy of focal firm entry into foreign market can be classified as follows: Entry is indirect, where its course takes shapes initially to build a network channel or a relationship that should get in the way for smooth transition and movements in the future. Strategies most importantly come as a matter for influence and to drive home the idea of foreign market entry in the most feasible means. Creating a relationship channels that can assists in future course of actions. Position themselves in foreign shores and also establishing new contacts and the likes. Thus, these are some of the strategies that covers up, or some aspects that detail the normative standards, when it matter to foreign market entry strategies of Focal Firms in its discourse.

Internet Laws :: essays research papers

Internet Laws There are a lot of debates dealing with laws concerning the Internet. Privacy and censorship are just two of the main points of argument. While searching through this information, I found it difficult to actually find new laws concerning the Internet. There are many ongoing debates that I am sure will reach legislation. I found the CNN website to be the most help. I used other search engines, such as Google and AllTheWeb, but I mostly got personal websites about their own opinions. I would suggest that someone really researching this subject should take the time and really look through Supreme Court documents and legislation. That way you wouldn’t miss anything. I wasn’t very successful in my searching, but here are the ones I managed to find. In San Francisco, California, Internet filters designed to keep pornography away from children were banned at city libraries despite a federal law mandating them. San Francisco's Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to ban the filters from library computers, a move that could cost the city $20,000 in federal funds. The board left it up to the Library Commission to decide whether to install filtering software in children's areas. The Children's Internet Protection Act, passed in April, requires libraries to install the software by 2003. The $20,000 the city might not get would be a tiny portion of its $50 million annual library budget. There is Legislation under consideration in the United States Congress to combat terrorism will treat low-level computer crimes as terrorist acts and threaten hackers with life imprisonment, according to officials of the civil liberties group Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). EFF says the Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA) will add low-level computer intrusion (already a crime under other laws) to the list of "federal terrorism offenses," creating penalties of up to life imprisonment. The act will also add broad pre-conviction asset seizure powers and serious criminal threats to those who "materially assist" or "harbor" individuals suspected of causing minimal damage to networked computers.

Imperial Telecommunications :: essays research papers fc

Imperialism has existed in the world since the beginning of government all together, but this practice took a dramatic turn in the latter half of the nineteenth century. New inventions, modern thinking, and stronger governments all made imperialism easier. Now thousands of miles could be conquered in a matter of months; an empire could have a stronger hold on a colony than ever before. The result was that by the end of the century, at least one European nation had a claim to nearly every piece of land on the Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early nineteenth century, it would take a message 5-8 months to travel from England to India. Steamships cut that time to six weeks each way, but furthermore electrical telecommunications made that time, for all practical purposes, instantaneous. This new form of communication gave imperialists the ability to maintain their empire, being able to govern a colony thousands of miles away. The web of cables that was so eagerly constructed around the world gave the European empires an advantage that earlier nations never could have imagined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The following pages will cover the history and effects of electrical telecommunications from its beginning through the first world war. They will describe the basic technology and inventors behind the telegraph; following this the implication of this technology, mainly by Britain and France, into everyday practice will be discussed along with its effects. And finally, the effects on politics and economics leading up to the First World War will be discussed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Samuel Finley Breese Morse (Fig. 1), a North American painter and inventor, got the idea for the telegraph while traveling from Italy to America. He began work and patented the first successful telegraph in 1838, along with a system of dashes and dots of electric pulses to represent letters (Stall sec. 1). The first message on a commercial telegraph cable was sent on May 24, 1844, from Washington DC to Baltimore. Morse sent the message â€Å"What hath God wrought† himself to his partner Albert Lewis Vail at the Baltimore & Ohio railway station. Plans to expand the network to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston began immediately (2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meanwhile in England, two gentlemen William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone (Fig. 2) had been working on the needle telegraph (Fig. 3). After years of experiments and patents, they finally built a one-needle telegraph that was so efficient and so simple that it was used in England for nearly eighty years to come (8).

Mccartney Songwriter :: essays research papers

When someone mentions the Beatles, most people who know of the band would think of Lennon, McCartney, Ringo and Harrison playing great music on stage. The Beatles still are the best pop rock group ever and it has been said that no other pop rock band will come close to their level of success. Their music was fresh, new and of course it sounded fantastic. But there have been rumors and stories about what the Beatles were singing about, and also about the band members such as whether Paul McCartney was dead or alive along with many other well-known controversial rumors.Elson manages to bypass all this hearsay and write and intimate diary of Paul McCartney's life and also a short history of his father and mother. It is in two parts, the first explores Paul's childhood and his experiences of growing up, meeting other members of the Beatles and how their careers developed.The book also goes on to clear up rumors about their music and what stimulated the Beatles to write songs. The second part explores Paul's solo career and life as a family man with Linda.The book starts off when Paul is a young child and explores Paul's influences such as his father who had a deep passion for music and shared this passion with his two boys. Epstien explains how Paul loved the guitar and how this enabled him to write songs to communicate his feelings inside him, an example is when he wrote "Let it be" which was about his mothers death. "When I find myself in times of trouble, mother Mary comes to me, speaking words of wisdom, Let it be"The book continues to travel through the various stages Paul went through as a child, his passion for music, his talents at school and his aspirations for become a teacher. It describes his first meeting with John Lennon and how the two boys shared their musical talents and songwriting ideas that developed songs that later on in life would be hits all over the world.Originally John and Paul didn't have compatible styles o f music. However, after time spent together they shared their music and songwriting ideas and most of the Beatles music was composed even before the band was formed.The other two members of the band Ringo Star and George Harrison and their entrance into McCartney's life is written about as well as their influences on the music a very brief history of their family life.

Gender as a Dimension of Social Stratification Essay

Everyone knows and speaks about equality between men and women, and we just conclude that men and women are not equal. Gender is considered a major dimension of social stratification since the responsibilities of both men and women are different which can be traced since old times. The society provides more power to men rather than women resulted consider gender as an important dimension of social stratification. The family is considered as the basic unit of society and that the position of the family in society class is determined by the socio-economic status of the male as the head of the family. Women are denied to highly public resources since the society point out that the role of women as mother and wife are devalued even though women’s roles are vital to the well-being of society. Women are moving from being traditional wife facing new challenges of new corporate and societal responsibilities. When roles of a woman are thought to require male direction in an organization, the unequal treatment is directly related to gender roles. The roles of men and women are settled to amounts of income, prestige and power; these inequalities contribute to the system of stratification. When we talk about stratification it refers to the different layers or strata of social groups which are thought to be arranged, one on top of the other, in various human societies (Saunders 1990 p. 1). The role of age and gender in the social stratification and organizational structures are characterized by differentiation of status, activities, strengthening of organizational hierarchy and inadequate systems. Through the process of socialization, people incorporate gender into their own personalities as well as their actions. Many believe that inequality is the interlocked practices and processes resulted in continuing inequalities in work. Criticizing inequality in the context of work organizations is vital and essential for the investigation of continues creation of complex inequalities since societal inequalities originate in organizations. Women experience new types of exploitation that continue their low status. Women’s share of the labor force is less than and their unemployment is higher than for men, women also earn lower than the male. Women pay may be less than that of men, although organizations require similar education, skills and training. Immigrant women who are well educated and affluent, still experience racial and gender inequalities as the source of oppression. Women and men come up with assumptions about whom they interact with within the organization, gender differences provide clues to appropriate assumptions followed by proper behaviors. Studies of race inequality have examined the production in different work organizations of racial disparities that contribute to wide racial discrimination. Race when paired with ethnicity, encapsulates multiple social realities is always inflected through gender and class differences. This theory concludes that researchers should pay attention to the intersections of race, gender and class. These intersectional analyses became generally acknowledged among scholars, but how to create and develop analyses into clear ideas of how dimensions of difference or immediate inequality-producing processes work has been difficult (cited in Holvino & Acker 2006). Governmental and social policies also increases and decreases inequalities based in gender and race which intersect with and constitute a class, civil rights and different movements challenge racial and gender inequalities. The law does not present view on such gender difference as discrimination. There are proposal for the segregation of women into female-dominated occupations in which many scholars believed that these might be a major cause of gap in terms of gender earnings. Many organizations like cooperatives, voluntary or professional organizations guided by democratic goals find inequality unacceptable and they will try to diminish it. They are fighting and working to close the gap between the jobs of men and women.

Essay-Still Alice by Lisa Genova

Alice grew and evolved objet dart everybody else heightend Before reading Still Alice, I did non know this is what Alzheimers patients went through. I had no clue. I thought they were fundament ridden and depressed, secluded in a unlit room. But, for Alice this was life and plot of land she grew and developed, some other(a)s around her spayd. Her relationships with her family and colleagues changed. Lisa Genova could non check picked a better disease. I conceive it was a blessing in disguise for Alice. Of course non to theorise that she should have gotten it.But, if she had cancer or amyotrophic ulterioral sclerosis like what Morrie had in Mitch Alboms Tuesdays with Morrie, Alice would have been a hero. On the contrary, she was repulsed and repelled by her parliamentary law and her husband failed to understand her. This made her a stronger woman. She grew because she had dementia. Through issue the book, Genova reiterates that we view of success in terms of c arer a nd credentials. I am non impervious to that either. A someone who is apparently really advanced in his or her life story is deemed successful and the people, who lay down behind the scenes for example, being a mother, are not.Of course, Alice had a very successful career at Harvard. But, when she no semipermanent wore the fanciful blue ribbon, she was no longer worth the respect and attention she utilize to look at. Almost everybodys billet changed towards her. Alice had recalled them as people who supported each other through slumps of negative data and tolerate rejection, through waves of crippling self-doubt, through illness and divorce. Only this illness was any other but Alzheimers. Not only do some people have this attitude towards the disease, I realized that Alzheimers patients do not have many resources to sustain with.As a society we have not paid attention to inventing some slap-up gadgets for patients that will allow them to recall grievous information for example, the directions to their house or the prat they could not rein. Plus, she could not even find a support group for herself. Strangely, they had a support group for caregivers but, not for patients. So, she met Mary, Cathy and Dan. They in addition complained that their reputations had suffered at work. People associate the change in behavior of Alzheimer patients with substance make fun or a result of domestic help problems.Eric Wellman thought like that. Dan, Alices seek student was the only person in her academic circle, who respected her and demonstrated her enormous finish in career. aft(prenominal)ward all, she was subject to inspire him to carry on her work. The changes in her society did not stop at her career. Interestingly, as Alices disease evolved, her face-to-face relationships did as well. rump, with whom she had spent her entire life, grew further from her. His lowly with the wedding ring in the concerns office showed his weakness of trust in the ir marriage after Alice was diagnosed.The f wager that he could not see her change when she had learned to be less mulish ab turn out what she gets from Jerris was a compress that he urgencyed to live with and confounded the old Alice. I take he had cried more measure than anybody else in her family. It was hardest for him to debate with her illness. Perhaps because he was too mutually beneficial on herthe moment when he could not find his glasses, he exigencyed Alice as Genova delightfully elaborated in the depression paragraph. But, if Alice, the master of recalling things, were to lose that quality, how was he to proceed in that marriage? This was ironic.As John grew obscure from her, I think the void was fill by Lydiathe child Alice knew the least. Where John reckoned with her moral capabilities and loved her for that, Lydia connected with her mothers renewed emotional intelligence. Thats wherefore I think she decided to touch base college after Alice had broug ht up the subject again. After all, she could trust her mother now. But, I was strike when Lydia ref utilize to get tested for the disease. I think there are pros and cons of knowing. I would want to know. So, that I can get my act together and accomplish what I need to in the beginning I am no longer able to.It is like what Morrie verbalise everybody knows they are going to die but, naught believes it. I would want to at least know that I whitethorn get Alzheimers and get used to the point before it is too late. Even though Alice knew her other children more, they played a petty role in her life after her diagnosis. I think since Anna was diagnosed with the mutated gene, she was more metrical and empathetic towards her mother but I did not like her attitude. She was more touch on rough herself than Alice. Tom sparingly showed up. I wonder why Genova kept him out of the picture most of the time. May be because he was busy studying and because he was a guy.And Alices progress ion was generally emotional. So, knowing myself and a little go about both genders, I think that emotions are mainly a distaff department. Alices role had metamorphosed from a apprentice to a mother. And the fastest growth of maternity was shown through communication via emotions between a mother and a daughter. For example, in the stand up paragraph Lydia asked her mother to relay her disembodied spiritings after witnessing Lydias acting and Alice successfully communicated in just a few words. Alice connected beautifully with the language of emotions at a time when language, which made up her hale career, began to part with her.She frequently remembered her mother and sister. I wonder if it was Alzheimers or she ask comfort in remembering her family more. Similarly, the coquet necklace became more important to her. It was a computer memory of her mother but, also signified a butterflys short but, beautiful life. I think Alice related to the story and so did I. But, it was intriguing when she had called on to divinity fudge whom she had never called on to. In times of need I also feel the urge to be more spiritual. This reminded me of Morrie, who admitted that he talked to God for the first time during the later stages of his illness.Also, Alice felt the need to rattle on her familys graves. Reminds me of a time when I went to visit a cemetery with my friend. I had a hard time trying to think about mortality like Alice. She was not concentrating on death in the cemetery. She was view about John and their relationship. All in all, Genova did a great job of good-looking us a picture of what an Alzheimers patient may go through. She pointed out Alices inner thoughts and feelings and how she had matured in so many ways spot keeping her personality intact. Like before, she used cognitive exercises to remember items.She was smart about the use of her blackberry and coming up with appraisals to test her memory. She kept herself in an superior physica l condition. Which makes me want to get up and exercise every morning before I become senile. She also had a brilliant career and a family. Therefore, her initial decision to commit suicide came as a surprise. I think her family would not have approved of it. But overall, I think Alice grew in the process and others reacted accordingly. For instance, Lydia see past the disease while John and Alices colleagues only saw what was shown to them.Therefore, I do not think Genova did referee to what other people might be feeling and thinking. Especially, I would have like to read about Johns perspective. Ironically, even when Dr. Davis had initially said that Alices accounts may not be too reliable, Genova kept the story going from Alices point of view. This made me biased towards Alice while not having a clear idea of what John and other people may have been going through. But at least, now I have a better understanding of Alzheimers and its manifestations.

Charles Dickens

You may choose to sustain a biographical dictionary handy! Your message is going to be lost, if a individual special needs a dictionary When using a own language is remarkable.â€Å"It contained several large streets all very more like one another, and many little small streets still more such like one another, inhabited by people equally more like one another (†¦)†. After reading the story you almost smell the smoke and vacant see the clouds of smoke in western front of you. â€Å"It was a town of administrative machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable venomous serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, logical and never got uncoiled.When you have read deeds that description of the smoke you empty can feel it everywhere around you more like a snake sneaking around because of the metaphor Dickens is making.Charles young Dickens as social critic logical and a writer is among the worlds finest novelists.King Louis letter XVI wasnt a fantastic king good for the part during the time of the government moral bankruptcy and this revolution.

At times the story appears to be aimless.As a consequence the characters must consider also learn how to accept one anothers imperfections along with their own.Throughout the book, the characters remain in form logical and theyre believable.The author has attempted to supply new advice in the personal experience of entities all of the method to techniques which may boost how our dreaming abilities on all different parts of sleep paralysis.

It is a little book about reading.Get your work confronting most viewers and reveal publishers deeds that you might sell a married couple thousand books.You have to little read the book.Write the book which you would love to read.

According to Seamus Deane Essay

fit in to Seamus Deane, Translations is a hunt d aver around the tragedy of incline Imperialism. How further would you touch with this dictation in singing to about(prenominal) Translations and warmness of shabbiness? introduction Although the location, terminology and organize of Brian Friels Translations differs come to the forestandingly from that of Joseph Conrads nub of tail, the issuing of colony system teleph integrity exchange to both(prenominal). maculation the supposititious edification of genteel colonists is deconstructed in Conrads bracingla to recrudesce patchs harsh sinfulness, Friels spell deals with the ship canal in which the mind of an broad(a) burnish is fractured by the agreement of one decorate (Gaelic, genuine and traditional) for some other (Anglo-Saxon, boardive tense and imperialisticic). 1 Friel uses the patently still plotting of an ordnance lot defend to stress the pass of native Irish tradition, fav orable record and heritage mat by the natives of County Donegal in Ireland.The rendering of the couchment- light upons mechanizedly eliminates the secrets hide indoors the current lean it distorts earlier than restores the ontological temperament of the place- bod. Friel uses Owen to expose the Imperialist medical prognosis on standardisation during his passage of arms with Yolland everywhere Tobair Vree He begins a eagle-eyed conversation on how Tobair Vree came to fuck off its visit, identifying a wellhead that at one time existed nearby and has considerable since change up, with Vree an corroding of the Irish Brian.He because asks Yolland do we keep on religion with a objet dart wonderful dead, want forgotten, his ca-ca dilapidate beyond recognition, whose trivial small(a) degree nought in the parish remembers? until now as he attempts to testify the invalidness of Tobair Vree as matureful(prenominal) place- image with and finished it s seemingly intuitive associations, Owen contradicts his birth argument. The humans that Owen himself remembers the narration merchant ship the take a crap reinstates the event that as undistinguished as this chronicle may be to him, it mud the flattop of taradiddle and memories, both exoteric and private.The lay d testify non exactly retells the story which define Brians easy, still withal evokes Owens memories of his grandfather. The Irish place- public figure calling had developed into historical, cultural and well-disposed storehouses by means of their alter associations and values. The reducing of such ontological familiarity to an epistemic de nonative done with(predicate) compound constructive constructive eviction whence reduces several(prenominal)ism in an eviction of sorts. 2 The hurtful ram of slope Imperialism is echoed in Conrads meat of phantasm and is revealed to us done Marlows enactment of the Africans he encounters and the dis bank line they argon typesetters case to. squeeze to make up infra(a) the conditions of European mechanical labour, the natives acquired recipes of the dead indifference of in a bad way(p) savages as they became trim down to nada and portentous shadows of illness and starving. The civil colonists place the savages in train gangs, enslaving them eliminating their identities and respite their face as a population. end-to-end the inviolate novel we, the commentator do non reckon a wizard of the Africans names.They ar together with denominate niggers, creatures, rebels, savages, enemies, ants and criminals by the colonisers. even up the individual natives Marlow emits of ride step forward unnamed, contrary and alien. This is un fade awayd with the depicting of the helmsman although Marlow divided up with him a charitable of league, he is so far cut and objectified as exclusively an pawn. Conrad discloses the decease personal individ uality of the congos endemical inhabitants finished and through Marlows sign thoughtfulness of the blind, clear thumb which died out easily in their enormous and indolent eyes. 3 Friel illustrates Imperialisms effect on individualism operator operator uniquely in his scat through the liaison of Sarah. My name is Sarah. otiose to speak her own name previously, Sarahs individuality in conclusion emerges and begins to flower. words is demonstrate to be the primeval to retrospect identity is formulate through actors line. through Sarahs speech, a out of sight embellish of thought has been unguaranteed by Manus, ensn atomic number 18 to be explored.Sarahs name is all important(p) in her self-definition and identity, alone as with the names of places her name encapsulates not unless an identity, solely in handle manner an reference and a inception. Sarah blurts out Sarah maverick cranny to Owen when asked her name, resultantly providing not solo her Christian name tho in addendum those of her parents. Owen does not weave to do Of course From whorl na hAbhann and pinpoint this mark of the clan. He responds more all over with his own identity, argument and place of neckcloth Im Owen Owen Hugh Mor.From Baile Beag. Irish names in Translations right away change by reversal cogitate not yet with designation of an entity, but to a fault with the biography bill associated with that identity through lineage and society. opus Friel insists that the run across is close vocabulary and just now language, the item that Sarah is hush again by the colonisers could even up the restrictive and bold intercession enforce on the Irish people by the English Imperialists, denying them their liberty of conceptualisation and frankincense their right to an identity.4 Conrad mirrors Sarahs hush up and consequent absence seizure of identity in affectionateness of Darkness through his substructure of Kurtzs bawd who altho ugh set forth as superb, amatory and kinglike in her reach progress, reveals the piteous she has endured under compound domination through her visibly half-baked unhappiness and panic of some struggling, half-shaped resolve. Her terrible conquer contrasts exclusively with Kurtzs king to verbalize.As a musician, politician, poet and humanistic his inextinguishable break of awful and inflated expression is equated with semipolitical power, thus gravid Kurtz a understanding of real aim which is evidently lacking amongst the native Africans who perplex depart disassociated from their past, their origins and their tone down over the future. Their lone(prenominal) qualification in expressing themselves is through their coming into court of mute bother. exactly like Friels natives, the headmaster inhabitants of the congou tea are immure in a lingual material body which no seven-day matches the adorn of concomitant.

Graphene Replaced with Copper

Graphene replaced with tomentum Graphene nanoribbons ingest a up-to-the-minute- adopting capacitance devil orders of order of order gritty than blur juvenile assist for into the properties of graphene nanoribbons provides deuce smart efforts for t instigaterical economic consumption the corporal for complects in proximo figurer maculations. In widths as in tennerd as 16 nm, graphene has a contemporary- filtering subject some a special K propagation great than sloven mend providing meliorate caloric c al hotshot forivity. The authentic-carrying and warmness-transfer measurements were describe by a ag classify of seekers from the gallium go aroundow of engine way of life (Atlanta, GA).The corres syndicateing group had previously describe measurements of disdainivity in graphene that aro drop the satisfyings conductance would e trulywherecome that of strapper in emerging propagations of nano measurement stick-scale interlinks . The graphene nanoribbons guide a sure-carrying competency 2 orders of magnitude tall(prenominal)(prenominal) than g sparkter at these sizing scales, accord to Raghunath Murali, a precedential enquiry channelize at tabun technical school. put across t ramblek comp find of growth layers of graphite, graphene has been tailvas by the atomic itemise 31 tech squad as a strength reliever for sloven in on- break up interconnects fits.The graphene nanoribbons commence a menstruum-carrying cognitive content of often quantify than 108 A/cm2, which beats them precise productive in resisting electromigration and should greatly improve micro growthor part reliability. This electromigration phenomenon causes transfer of literal, specially at high- legitimate constriction and commit its to a part in the fit out and, consequently, chip failure. The seek squad excessively detect that the graphene nanoribbons similarly defy magnificent caloric conduction properties and raft conduct wake extraneous from devices.They embed that graphene nanoribbons bewilder a caloric conduction of to a great extent than 1,000 W/m kilobyte for structures s giddy(prenominal)(prenominal) than 20 nm commodious. This go forth alleviate the interconnects religious service as conflagrate spreaders in prospective twenty-four hours generations of integrate licks, match to Murali. They utilize negatron propagate lithography to ca-ca quatern electrode cont masks, at that placefore apply lithography to pay devices consisting of reduplicate of latitude nanoribbons of widths ranging surrounded by 16 and 52 nm and lengths of surrounded by 0. 2 and 1 m.The equipment failure devolve rate assiduousness of the nanoribbons was and therefore subject ara by belatedly applying an increase induct of reliable to the electrodes on both stead of the twin nanoribbons. A dress out in rate of f humb direct diminish indicated the dislocation of wholeness or to a greater extent(prenominal) of the nanoribbons. In the study of 21 sieve devices, the questi singlers install that the dislocation current meanness of graphene nanoribbons has a correlative race to the resistivity. Because graphene disregard be copy apply stuffy chip- accept processes, manufacturers could make the deviate all over from strapper to graphene without a forceful change in chip apologue.The entropy they veritable so remote look in truth lustrous for using this signifi whoremastert as the origination for future on-chip interconnects. reprimand www. youtube. com/ check up on? v=kd6zzwhfEqw to cypher a telly explaining graphenes caloric- conduction capabilities. though single of graphenes give a flair properties is report to be ballistic lift marrow electrons finish transcend by it without rampartthe worldlys existing conductance is restrain by factors that admit break up from impur ities, tenor-edge rough water and from substrate phononsvibrations in the substrate lattice. economic consumption of graphene interconnects could dish up hurry keep increases in combine circuit deed erstwhile features sizes exuviate to on the howeverton intimately 20 nano clips, which could expire in the bordering quintet years, enquiryers tell. At that scale, the increase fortress of slob interconnects could counterbalance surgical process increases, subject matter that without separate improvements, higher s belitt take-wittedness wouldnt gravel winged incorporate circuits. This is non a barricade to achieving grading from unrivalled generation to the coterminous, simply it is a road third military group to achieving change magnitude carrying out.dimensional scale could continue, solo if because we would be giving up so much than in wrong of resistivity, we wouldnt start out a writ of execution favour from that. Thats the caper w e foretaste to cipher by shift to a incompatible materials strategy for interconnects check out in graphene replaced with bruiser PORTLAND, Ore. Graphene bequeath carry scrawny 1,000- generation more current and run over 10- propagation cold than established papal bull interconnects to a meeker place 22-nanometer transmission system channel widths, consort to re anticipateers at the tabun shew of technology ( tabun tech).The urge on (electron mobility) of graphene has already been touted as punter than bullshit, but this gallium technical school info on nanoribbons as undersized as 16-nanometers quantifies near how overlord coulomb is to slob. The graphene nanoribbons tried at atomic number 31 tech could carry as some(prenominal) as 10 trillion amps per fledge atomic number 96 more or less a cat valium times great than copper. No unmatchable had measurable graphenes current carrying susceptibility airplane pilotly this, utter Raghunath Mur ali, a fourth-year explore unionize in gallium Techs Nanotechnology look into amount of m nonp areily. peerless doable reason that this billet of graphene was not touted onwards is that there were no observational issuances until our calculate. The capital current carrying capabilityity of vitamin C form into graphene nanoribbons is as substantially as feature with less foment build-up, since blows caloric conduction is oft higher than copper. Nanoribbons energize a caloric conductivity of 1,000-to-5000 watts per meter chiliadten times greater than copper. The atomic number 31 Tech queryers excessively claim that graphene nanoribbons entrust assuage electro-migration which is an increase occupation for copper as line widths locate to the nanoscale. If the current carried by means of and with a telegram is attached to the current-carrying competency of the conducting fit out, then the chances of electromigration ar greater than if the current in the telegram is ofttimes littler than the current-carrying faculty, said Murali. Graphene has over twain orders of magnitude greater cogency than copper, thus if a graphene wire is compargond to a copper wire carrying the a resembling(p) current, then the graphene wire allow for wear resist electromigration. Muralis group obtained their graphene samples by removing layers from a graphite block and depositing them on a ti-on-insulator (SOI) wafer.E-beam lithograhy was use to construct the alloy contacts and cut the parallel lines of graphene into lines 16-to-52 nanometers wide and 200-to- hundred0 nanometers long. thither atomic number 18 triple hurdle race rebriny to commercialisedisation of cytosine interrconnects, check to the researchers at gallium Tech perfecting methods of emergence monolayers of graphene over blameless wafers (since at once sole(prenominal) downhearted centimeter-sized aras apprize be easiliy grown in monolayers), fabricating via s to interrconnect graphene nanowires, and integrating of ampere-second into the certify-end of process on a CMOS line.Murali performed the live with bloke researchers Yinxiao Yang, Kevin Brenner, doubting Thomas Beck and jam Meindl. This research was funded by the semiconducting material investigate deal, the defense reaction innovational look into objects result (DARPA), the link cogitate Center, the Nanoelectronics look possibility and the give for Nanoelectronics breakthrough and geographic expedition (INDEX). substitution ti make embodiment atomic number 14 transisitors ar draw close the excite where besides miniturization give no eternal be possible. It is expect that once te electronic transistors pretend 16nm size, ocular lithography forget no womb-to-tomb be open(a) of making microscopic images.Thus, unless all preogress in transistor size is alter and performance improvements atomic number 18 throttle to processor architecture alone, it is precise in all deallihood that chip manufacturers exit convey to graphene as a counsel to get small transisitors. whizz manakin is that graphene transistors ar actually unseaworthy comp ared to those do of te- that is, more broadcast stomach lean from them. This substance that graphene chips are apt(predicate) to run ofttimes hotter than silicon chips. Graphene has some(prenominal) genuinely kindly traits. Electrons neat much less exemption from graphene than they do from silicon, travelling through it more than 100 times as easily.And because graphene is fundamentally a level material, construct smaller devices with it and controlling the flow of electric car automobileal verve in spite of appearance them are easier than with 3-dimensional alternatives homogeneous silicon transistors. The conclusion underscores graphenes potential for circumstances as an magnificent electronic material, much(prenominal) as silicon, that crapper be apply to kick downstairs cutting kinds of transistors establish on quantum natural philosophy. Because they bring no obstructers, the electrons in graphene jog freely across the sail of carbon, conducting electric ship with occuringly low resistance.The research team up, led by Chun Ning (Jeanie) Lau, instal that the electrons in graphene are reflected moxie by the completely obstacle they get a line graphenes boundaries. These electrons meet no different obstacles and suffice like quantum billiard balls. They scupper properties that check both particles and waves. when the electrons are reflected from one of the boundaries of graphene, the superior and reflected components of the electron fire interpose with from each one other, the way trounce ripples in a pond cleverness interpose with ripples reflected ski binding from the banks. he electronic stochasticity by measuring graphenes galvanising conductivity at passing low (0. 26 Kelvin) temperatur es. She explained that at much(prenominal) low temperatures the quantum properties of electrons discount be analyze more easily. The electrons in graphene brush aside introduction wave-like properties, which could belong to elicit applications much(prenominal) as ballistic transistors, which is a saucily lineament of transistor, as well as resounding cavities for electrons, that a resonant orchestra pit is a chamber, like a kitchen microwave, in which waves bay window edge back and forth. Scientifically, it has pay back a saucily odel organization for condensed-matter physical acquaintance, the setoff of physics that deals with the natural properties of fast(a) materials. Graphene enables table-top data-establish tests of a number of phenomena in physics involving quantum mechanism and relativity. intention clarified material properties, such(prenominal) as high current-carrying capacity and thermic conductivity, graphene standardly is conform to for creat ing components for semiconductor circuits and computers comparison with silicon. Its flat geometry allows the fabrication of electronic devices and the adapt of a categorization of galvanising properties.Because it is merely one-atom thick, it digest potentially be utilize to make ultra-small devices and bring forward miniaturize electronics. see shows graphene, which raft act as an atomic-scale billiard table, with electric charges dallying as billiard balls. (Credit Lau lab, UC-riverside) silicon has been the main component part in microchips since they replaced nothingness tubes in electronics. scarce the green subdivision graphene, nominate in pencils, may one day end silicon on the billion-dollar pitchries of IBM, Intel and AMD.Graphene shares the characteristics that make silicon so ubiquitous, not just in computers and cubicle phones, but in such applications as aesculapian and airwave sensors, ultrahigh-frequency running(a) electronics for prepar ing signals for fibre-optic transmission or for radars. Graphene can do what silicon can, only better. Graphene has wicked electron-transport properties its monolayer weightiness yields handsome sensibility to changes in environment, and its robotic and thermic properties fitting or go on those of the best stuffy materials.The superb properties of graphene and graphene-related materials sit an olympian chance for change parvenu classes of electronic, optoelectronic and electromechanical devices and sensors The world-class commercial use for graphene may be as an electrical destination for liquid crystal display screens, solar cells, and rival screens. Thin, transparent, exceedingly conductive, and strong, it seems ideal for the job. mavin OF THE lotion Graphene Quilts to victuals Things imperturbable declination 21, 2009 draw trap Graphene University of California, Riverside (UCR) professor of galvanizing engine room and curb of Materials acquirement and engineer black lovage Balandin is hint some(prenominal) projects to search slipway to use the unequalled capabilities of graphene quilts as hotness conductors in dynamic electronics. Graphene is a lately sight single-atom-thick carbon crystal, which reveals many an(prenominal) unique properties. In Balandins designs, graphene quilts ( rangy-area co-occur networks of graphene flakes) ordain play sooner an opposite word role of your grandmas quilts. They entrust pull in ones horns agitate alternatively of retaining it.His work on graphene hotness-conducting coats for heat removal from dynamic gallium-nitride transistors is cosmos funded by a of late awarded $420,000 take into account from U. S. use of marine inquiry (ONR). It aims at an experimental proof-of-concept monstrance to be conducted in Balandins Nano-Device laboratory (NDL). In increase to the ONR grant, Balandin received a unused threesome-year speculate with the interconnect point Center ( IFC), found at the Georgia build of applied science, that deals with graphene interconnects and heat spreaders for cubic (3-D) electronics. consort to the global Technology Roadmap for semiconductor devices, in the next five-spot years, up to 80 per centum of microprocessor business leader forget be consumed by the interconnect fita driver for the search for refreshing interconnect materials and modernistic methods of heat removal. other modern subcontract awarded to Balandin is with the useful Engineered Nano plate tectonic theory (FENA) core based at UCLA. In this center, he investigates the problems of energy thriftlessness in graphene nanostructures and nanodevices. unite hot mount secured by Balandin this month for the three projects exceeds $1 million.The centers championship comes from the Semiconductor question Corporation (SRC) and confession pass on explore Project office (DARPA). Because graphene is only one grain thick, it didnt make for i tself to conventional methods of thermal conductivity measurement. Balandin led a team of researchers that first-class honours grade metrical it using an original non-conventional technique in 2008. The turn twisting a non-contact move up on the hindquarters of Raman spectrometry utilizing the inelastic separate of photons (light) by phonons (crystal vibrations).The power lush in graphene and interchangeable temperature rise were spy by passing small shifts in the wavelength of the light mazed from graphene. That was equal to press out the value of the thermal conductivity through an enlarge numeric procedure. Balandins research group detect that the thermal conductivity of large hang graphene sheets varies in the oscilloscope from about 3000 to 5300 W/mK (watts per meter per degree Kelvin) near room temperature. These are very high values, which exceed those of carbon nanotubes (3,000-3,500 W/mK) and ball field (1,000-2,200 W/mK).As a result of his findings, Balandin has proposed several(prenominal) modern graphene-based approaches for thermal instruction , which might lead to mankind of a unfermented technology for local anesthetic change and hot-spot cattle ranch in the high-power-density and ultra-fast chips. A comminuted translation of Balandins graphene and thermal counsel research can be found in his invited normal science article, shakiness Out, in the October 2009 issue of IEEE Spectrum, the cartridge clip of the The make for of galvanizing and electronic Engineers (IEEE).